Appendix A. Effects of single and combined effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, the insecticide carbaryl, overwintered bullfrog tadpoles, and bluegill sunfish on amphibian community and on the bullfrogs and bluegill used as treatments. Univariate treatments for mass and time include only those that were significant in the MANOVA.
TABLE A1. Multivariate and univariate ANOVA for the metamorphic response (which includes mass and time to metamorphosis), survival, evenness, and species diversity.
Species |
Treatment |
Wilks' lambda |
df |
F |
P |
R. sphenocephala |
covariate (survival) |
0.9729 |
2,40 |
0.56 |
0.5777 |
nitrate |
0.6407 |
2,40 |
11.22 |
0.0001 |
|
carbaryl |
0.9688 |
2,40 |
0.64 |
0.5304 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.9700 |
2,40 |
0.62 |
0.5434 |
|
bluegill |
0.2760 |
2,40 |
52.47 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.9262 |
2,40 |
1.59 |
0.2159 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.8322 |
2,40 |
4.03 |
0.0254 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.9538 |
2,40 |
0.97 |
0.3880 |
|
bullfrog |
0.2017 |
2,40 |
79.15 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.9821 |
2,40 |
0.36 |
0.6975 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.9928 |
2,40 |
0.14 |
0.8662 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.8720 |
2,40 |
2.94 |
0.0646 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
0.8413 |
2,40 |
3.77 |
0.0315 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.8224 |
2,40 |
4.32 |
0.0200 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.9923 |
2,40 |
0.16 |
0.8562 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.6607 |
2,40 |
10.27 |
0.0003 |
|
Response |
Sums of squares |
df |
F |
P |
|
Mass |
nitrate |
0.7622 |
1 |
18.65 |
0.0001 |
bluegill |
0.0581 |
1 |
1.42 |
0.2401 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.1165 |
1 |
2.85 |
0.0990 |
|
bullfrog |
0.5116 |
1 |
12.51 |
0.0010 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0231 |
1 |
0.57 |
0.4564 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0007 |
1 |
0.02 |
0.8942 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.1560 |
1 |
0.38 |
0.5395 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0068 |
1 |
0.17 |
0.6856 |
|
error |
1.6760 |
41 |
|||
Time |
nitrate |
0.0015 |
1 |
9.65 |
0.0034 |
bluegill |
0.0143 |
1 |
93.51 |
0.0001 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0011 |
1 |
7.17 |
0.0106 |
|
bullfrog |
0.0249 |
1 |
162.15 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0009 |
1 |
6.00 |
0.0187 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0011 |
1 |
7.41 |
0.0095 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0014 |
1 |
8.84 |
0.0049 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0031 |
1 |
20.48 |
0.0001 |
|
error |
0.0063 |
41 |
|||
Survival |
nitrate |
0.0892 |
1 |
0.86 |
0.3590 |
carbaryl |
0.9550 |
1 |
9.18 |
0.0039 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.0019 |
1 |
0.02 |
0.8919 |
|
bluegill |
4.1503 |
1 |
39.88 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.0315 |
1 |
0.30 |
0.5847 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.3290 |
1 |
3.16 |
0.0817 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.1683 |
1 |
1.62 |
0.2096 |
|
bullfrog |
0.1657 |
1 |
1.59 |
0.2131 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.0715 |
1 |
0.69 |
0.4113 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0016 |
1 |
0.02 |
0.9021 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.1016 |
1 |
0.98 |
0.3281 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
0.3380 |
1 |
3.21 |
0.0796 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0170 |
1 |
0.16 |
0.6883 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0002 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.9674 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0098 |
1 |
0.09 |
0.7608 |
|
error |
4.9956 |
48 |
|||
Wilks' lambda |
df |
F |
P |
||
B. americanus |
covariate (survival) |
0.9038 |
2,22 |
1.17 |
0.3285 |
nitrate |
0.1533 |
2,22 |
60.73 |
0.0001 |
|
carbaryl |
0.8028 |
2,22 |
2.70 |
0.0892 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.9019 |
2,22 |
1.20 |
0.3211 |
|
bullfrog |
0.3142 |
2,22 |
24.01 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.9190 |
2,22 |
0.97 |
0.3947 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.9974 |
2,22 |
0.03 |
0.9718 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.7365 |
2,22 |
3.94 |
0.0346 |
|
Response |
Sums of squares |
df |
F |
P |
|
Mass |
nitrate |
0.7057 |
1 |
80.75 |
0.0001 |
bullfrog |
0.3454 |
1 |
39.52 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0666 |
1 |
7.62 |
0.0111 |
|
error |
0.2010 |
23 |
|||
Time |
nitrate |
0.0001 |
1 |
1.79 |
0.1935 |
bullfrog |
0.0002 |
1 |
4.04 |
0.0564 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0003 |
1 |
6.14 |
0.0210 |
|
error |
0.0012 |
||||
Survival |
nitrate |
0.0057 |
1 |
0.51 |
0.4805 |
carbaryl |
0.0041 |
1 |
0.36 |
0.5489 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.0220 |
1 |
1.94 |
0.1699 |
|
bluegill |
18.3203 |
1 |
1616.48 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.0057 |
1 |
0.51 |
0.4805 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0041 |
1 |
0.36 |
0.5489 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0220 |
1 |
1.94 |
0.1699 |
|
bullfrog |
0.0001 |
1 |
0.01 |
0.9095 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.0026 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6318 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0004 |
1 |
0.04 |
0.8516 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0001 |
1 |
0.01 |
0.9301 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0001 |
1 |
0.01 |
0.9095 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0026 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6318 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0004 |
1 |
0.04 |
0.8516 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0001 |
1 |
0.01 |
0.9301 |
|
error |
0.5440 |
48 |
|||
Wilks' lambda |
df |
F |
P |
||
A. maculatum |
covariate (survival) |
0.6590 |
2,22 |
5.69 |
0.0102 |
nitrate |
0.6993 |
2,22 |
4.73 |
0.0195 |
|
carbaryl |
0.2306 |
2,22 |
36.7 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.9956 |
2,22 |
0.05 |
0.9522 |
|
bullfrog |
0.8385 |
2,22 |
2.12 |
0.1440 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.8457 |
2,22 |
2.01 |
0.1583 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.7975 |
2,22 |
2.79 |
0.0830 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.8971 |
2,22 |
1.26 |
0.3030 |
|
Response |
Sums of squares |
df |
F |
P |
|
Mass |
covariate (survival) |
0.1024 |
1 |
1.98 |
0.1731 |
nitrate |
0.3767 |
1 |
7.27 |
0.0129 |
|
carbaryl |
0.7895 |
1 |
15.24 |
0.0007 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0474 |
1 |
0.91 |
0.3490 |
|
error |
1.1918 |
23 |
|||
Time |
covariate (survival) |
0.0024 |
1 |
9.41 |
0.0055 |
nitrate |
0.0008 |
1 |
3.12 |
0.0904 |
|
carbaryl |
0.0162 |
1 |
64.77 |
0.0001 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0013 |
1 |
5.15 |
0.0329 |
|
error |
0.0058 |
23 |
|||
Survival |
nitrate |
0.0052 |
1 |
0.16 |
0.6872 |
carbaryl |
1.0890 |
1 |
34.40 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.1191 |
1 |
3.76 |
0.0584 |
|
bluegill |
14.3439 |
1 |
453.09 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.0052 |
1 |
0.16 |
0.6872 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
1.0890 |
1 |
34.40 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.1191 |
1 |
3.76 |
0.0584 |
|
bullfrog |
0.0991 |
1 |
3.13 |
0.0831 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.0555 |
1 |
1.75 |
0.1917 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0360 |
1 |
1.14 |
0.2913 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.1157 |
1 |
3.65 |
0.0619 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0992 |
1 |
3.13 |
0.0831 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0555 |
1 |
1.75 |
0.1917 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.0360 |
1 |
1.14 |
0.2913 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
0.1157 |
1 |
3.65 |
0.0619 |
|
error |
1.5196 |
48 |
|||
All |
Sums of squares |
df |
F |
P |
|
Species Richness |
nitrate |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
carbaryl |
36.0000 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.1560 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
bluegill |
16384.0000 |
1 |
945.23 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
36.0000 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.1560 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
bullfrog |
36.0000 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.1560 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
36.0000 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.1560 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
36.0000 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.1560 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
36.0000 |
1 |
2.08 |
0.1560 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
4.0000 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6331 |
|
error |
832.0000 |
48 |
|||
Evenness |
nitrate |
0.0625 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.9645 |
carbaryl |
517.5625 |
1 |
16.60 |
0.0002 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.0000 |
1 |
0.00 |
1.0000 |
|
bluegill |
16384.0000 |
1 |
525.34 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.0625 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.9645 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
517.5625 |
1 |
16.60 |
0.0002 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0000 |
1 |
0.00 |
1.0000 |
|
bullfrog |
27.5625 |
1 |
0.88 |
0.3519 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
1.0000 |
1 |
0.03 |
0.8586 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
36.0000 |
1 |
1.15 |
0.2880 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
33.0625 |
1 |
1.06 |
0.3083 |
|
bluegill × bullfrog |
27.5625 |
1 |
0.88 |
0.3519 |
|
nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog |
1.0000 |
1 |
0.03 |
0.8586 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
36.0000 |
1 |
1.15 |
0.2880 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog |
33.0625 |
1 |
1.06 |
0.3083 |
|
error |
1497.0000 |
48 |
TABLE A2. Multivariate and univariate analysis of variance for the metamorphic response (which includes mass and time to metamorphosis), survival, and change is mass (for bluegill only) for overwintered bullfrog tadpoles and bluegill used as treatment level effects in our experiment.
Species |
Treatment |
Wilks' lambda |
df |
F |
P |
Bullfrogs |
covariate (survival) |
0.7989 |
2,22 |
2.77 |
0.0846 |
nitrate |
0.6580 |
2,22 |
5.72 |
0.0100 |
|
carbaryl |
0.8460 |
2,22 |
2.00 |
0.1589 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.9940 |
2,22 |
0.07 |
0.9359 |
|
bluegill |
0.1656 |
2,22 |
55.41 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.9711 |
2,22 |
0.33 |
0.7239 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.9533 |
2,22 |
0.54 |
0.5911 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.8044 |
2,22 |
2.68 |
0.0912 |
|
Response |
Sums of squares |
df |
F |
P |
|
Mass |
nitrate |
0.1369 |
1 |
11.90 |
0.0022 |
bluegill |
1.2351 |
1 |
107.40 |
0.0001 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0629 |
1 |
5.47 |
0.0284 |
|
error |
0.2645 |
23 |
|||
Time |
nitrate |
0.0001 |
1 |
0.08 |
0.7832 |
bluegill |
0.0070 |
1 |
7.58 |
0.0113 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0001 |
1 |
0.15 |
0.7045 |
|
error |
0.0214 |
23 |
|||
Survival |
nitrate |
0.0000 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.9969 |
carbaryl |
0.0142 |
1 |
0.23 |
0.6387 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.0827 |
1 |
1.32 |
0.2625 |
|
bluegill |
0.0062 |
1 |
0.10 |
0.7560 |
|
nitrate × bluegill |
0.0049 |
1 |
0.08 |
0.7826 |
|
carbaryl × bluegill |
0.2357 |
1 |
3.75 |
0.0646 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill |
0.0097 |
1 |
0.15 |
0.6979 |
|
error |
1.5070 |
24 |
|||
Sums of squares |
df |
F |
P |
||
Bluegill |
|||||
Change in Mass |
nitrate |
0.7813 |
1 |
0.01 |
0.9162 |
carbaryl |
200.0000 |
1 |
2.90 |
0.1017 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
38.2813 |
1 |
0.55 |
0.4638 |
|
bullfrog |
81.2813 |
1 |
1.18 |
0.2887 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
153.1250 |
1 |
2.22 |
0.1495 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
1.5313 |
1 |
0.02 |
0.8829 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
595.1250 |
1 |
8.62 |
0.0072 |
|
error |
1657.3750 |
24 |
|||
Survival |
nitrate |
0.0193 |
1 |
0.11 |
0.7418 |
carbaryl |
0.1735 |
1 |
1.00 |
0.3273 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl |
0.0193 |
1 |
0.11 |
0.7418 |
|
bullfrog |
0.0193 |
1 |
0.11 |
0.7418 |
|
nitrate × bullfrog |
0.0193 |
1 |
0.11 |
0.7418 |
|
carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.0193 |
1 |
0.11 |
0.7418 |
|
nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog |
0.4819 |
1 |
2.78 |
0.1086 |
|
error |
24 |