Ecological Archives A017-011-A1

Michelle D. Boone, Raymond D. Semlitsch, Edward E. Little, and Meaghan C. Doyle. 2007. Multiple stressors in amphibian communities: effects of chemical contamination, bullfrogs, and fish. Ecological Applications 17:291–301.

Appendix A. Effects of single and combined effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, the insecticide carbaryl, overwintered bullfrog tadpoles, and bluegill sunfish on amphibian community and on the bullfrogs and bluegill used as treatments. Univariate treatments for mass and time include only those that were significant in the MANOVA.

TABLE A1. Multivariate and univariate ANOVA for the metamorphic response (which includes mass and time to metamorphosis), survival, evenness, and species diversity.

Species

Treatment

Wilks' lambda

df

F

P

           

R. sphenocephala

covariate (survival)

0.9729

2,40

0.56

0.5777

 

nitrate

0.6407

2,40

11.22

0.0001

 

carbaryl

0.9688

2,40

0.64

0.5304

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.9700

2,40

0.62

0.5434

 

bluegill

0.2760

2,40

52.47

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.9262

2,40

1.59

0.2159

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.8322

2,40

4.03

0.0254

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.9538

2,40

0.97

0.3880

 

bullfrog

0.2017

2,40

79.15

0.0001

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.9821

2,40

0.36

0.6975

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.9928

2,40

0.14

0.8662

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.8720

2,40

2.94

0.0646

 

bluegill × bullfrog

0.8413

2,40

3.77

0.0315

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

0.8224

2,40

4.32

0.0200

 

carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.9923

2,40

0.16

0.8562

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.6607

2,40

10.27

0.0003

           

Response

 

Sums of squares

df

F

P

Mass

nitrate

0.7622

1

18.65

0.0001

 

bluegill

0.0581

1

1.42

0.2401

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.1165

1

2.85

0.0990

 

bullfrog

0.5116

1

12.51

0.0010

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0231

1

0.57

0.4564

 

bluegill × bullfrog

0.0007

1

0.02

0.8942

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

0.1560

1

0.38

0.5395

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0068

1

0.17

0.6856

 

error

1.6760

41

   
           

Time

nitrate

0.0015

1

9.65

0.0034

 

bluegill

0.0143

1

93.51

0.0001

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.0011

1

7.17

0.0106

 

bullfrog

0.0249

1

162.15

0.0001

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0009

1

6.00

0.0187

 

bluegill × bullfrog

0.0011

1

7.41

0.0095

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0014

1

8.84

0.0049

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0031

1

20.48

0.0001

 

error

0.0063

41

   
           

Survival

nitrate

0.0892

1

0.86

0.3590

 

carbaryl

0.9550

1

9.18

0.0039

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.0019

1

0.02

0.8919

 

bluegill

4.1503

1

39.88

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.0315

1

0.30

0.5847

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.3290

1

3.16

0.0817

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.1683

1

1.62

0.2096

 

bullfrog

0.1657

1

1.59

0.2131

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.0715

1

0.69

0.4113

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0016

1

0.02

0.9021

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.1016

1

0.98

0.3281

 

bluegill × bullfrog

0.3380

1

3.21

0.0796

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0170

1

0.16

0.6883

 

carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0002

1

0.00

0.9674

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0098

1

0.09

0.7608

 

error

4.9956

48

   
           
   

Wilks' lambda

df

F

P

B. americanus

covariate (survival)

0.9038

2,22

1.17

0.3285

 

nitrate

0.1533

2,22

60.73

0.0001

 

carbaryl

0.8028

2,22

2.70

0.0892

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.9019

2,22

1.20

0.3211

 

bullfrog

0.3142

2,22

24.01

0.0001

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.9190

2,22

0.97

0.3947

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.9974

2,22

0.03

0.9718

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.7365

2,22

3.94

0.0346

           

Response

 

Sums of squares

df

F

P

Mass

nitrate

0.7057

1

80.75

0.0001

 

bullfrog

0.3454

1

39.52

0.0001

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0666

1

7.62

0.0111

 

error

0.2010

23

   
           

Time

nitrate

0.0001

1

1.79

0.1935

 

bullfrog

0.0002

1

4.04

0.0564

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0003

1

6.14

0.0210

 

error

0.0012

     
           

Survival

nitrate

0.0057

1

0.51

0.4805

 

carbaryl

0.0041

1

0.36

0.5489

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.0220

1

1.94

0.1699

 

bluegill

18.3203

1

1616.48

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.0057

1

0.51

0.4805

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.0041

1

0.36

0.5489

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.0220

1

1.94

0.1699

 

bullfrog

0.0001

1

0.01

0.9095

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.0026

1

0.23

0.6318

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0004

1

0.04

0.8516

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0001

1

0.01

0.9301

 

bluegill × bullfrog

0.0001

1

0.01

0.9095

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0026

1

0.23

0.6318

 

carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0004

1

0.04

0.8516

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0001

1

0.01

0.9301

 

error

0.5440

48

   
           
   

Wilks' lambda

df

F

P

A. maculatum

covariate (survival)

0.6590

2,22

5.69

0.0102

 

nitrate

0.6993

2,22

4.73

0.0195

 

carbaryl

0.2306

2,22

36.7

0.0001

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.9956

2,22

0.05

0.9522

 

bullfrog

0.8385

2,22

2.12

0.1440

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.8457

2,22

2.01

0.1583

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.7975

2,22

2.79

0.0830

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.8971

2,22

1.26

0.3030

           

Response

 

Sums of squares

df

F

P

Mass

covariate (survival)

0.1024

1

1.98

0.1731

 

nitrate

0.3767

1

7.27

0.0129

 

carbaryl

0.7895

1

15.24

0.0007

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0474

1

0.91

0.3490

 

error

1.1918

23

   
           

Time

covariate (survival)

0.0024

1

9.41

0.0055

 

nitrate

0.0008

1

3.12

0.0904

 

carbaryl

0.0162

1

64.77

0.0001

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0013

1

5.15

0.0329

 

error

0.0058

23

   
           

Survival

nitrate

0.0052

1

0.16

0.6872

 

carbaryl

1.0890

1

34.40

0.0001

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.1191

1

3.76

0.0584

 

bluegill

14.3439

1

453.09

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.0052

1

0.16

0.6872

 

carbaryl × bluegill

1.0890

1

34.40

0.0001

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.1191

1

3.76

0.0584

 

bullfrog

0.0991

1

3.13

0.0831

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.0555

1

1.75

0.1917

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0360

1

1.14

0.2913

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.1157

1

3.65

0.0619

 

bluegill × bullfrog

0.0992

1

3.13

0.0831

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0555

1

1.75

0.1917

 

carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.0360

1

1.14

0.2913

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

0.1157

1

3.65

0.0619

 

error

1.5196

48

   
           

All

 

Sums of squares

df

F

P

Species Richness

nitrate

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

carbaryl

36.0000

1

2.08

0.1560

 

nitrate × carbaryl

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

bluegill

16384.0000

1

945.23

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

carbaryl × bluegill

36.0000

1

2.08

0.1560

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

bullfrog

36.0000

1

2.08

0.1560

 

nitrate × bullfrog

36.0000

1

2.08

0.1560

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

bluegill × bullfrog

36.0000

1

2.08

0.1560

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

36.0000

1

2.08

0.1560

 

carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

4.0000

1

0.23

0.6331

 

error

832.0000

48

   
           

Evenness

nitrate

0.0625

1

0.00

0.9645

 

carbaryl

517.5625

1

16.60

0.0002

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.0000

1

0.00

1.0000

 

bluegill

16384.0000

1

525.34

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.0625

1

0.00

0.9645

 

carbaryl × bluegill

517.5625

1

16.60

0.0002

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.0000

1

0.00

1.0000

 

bullfrog

27.5625

1

0.88

0.3519

 

nitrate × bullfrog

1.0000

1

0.03

0.8586

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

36.0000

1

1.15

0.2880

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

33.0625

1

1.06

0.3083

 

bluegill × bullfrog

27.5625

1

0.88

0.3519

 

nitrate × bluegill × bullfrog

1.0000

1

0.03

0.8586

 

carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

36.0000

1

1.15

0.2880

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill × bullfrog

33.0625

1

1.06

0.3083

 

error

1497.0000

48

   

 

TABLE A2.  Multivariate and univariate analysis of variance for the metamorphic response (which includes mass and time to metamorphosis), survival, and change is mass (for bluegill only) for overwintered bullfrog tadpoles and bluegill used as treatment level effects in our experiment.

Species

Treatment

Wilks' lambda

df

F

P

           

Bullfrogs

covariate (survival)

0.7989

2,22

2.77

0.0846

 

nitrate

0.6580

2,22

5.72

0.0100

 

carbaryl

0.8460

2,22

2.00

0.1589

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.9940

2,22

0.07

0.9359

 

bluegill

0.1656

2,22

55.41

0.0001

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.9711

2,22

0.33

0.7239

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.9533

2,22

0.54

0.5911

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.8044

2,22

2.68

0.0912

           

Response

 

Sums of squares

df

F

P

Mass

nitrate

0.1369

1

11.90

0.0022

 

bluegill

1.2351

1

107.40

0.0001

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.0629

1

5.47

0.0284

 

error

0.2645

23

   
           

Time

nitrate

0.0001

1

0.08

0.7832

 

bluegill

0.0070

1

7.58

0.0113

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.0001

1

0.15

0.7045

 

error

0.0214

23

   
           

Survival

nitrate

0.0000

1

0.00

0.9969

 

carbaryl

0.0142

1

0.23

0.6387

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.0827

1

1.32

0.2625

 

bluegill

0.0062

1

0.10

0.7560

 

nitrate × bluegill

0.0049

1

0.08

0.7826

 

carbaryl × bluegill

0.2357

1

3.75

0.0646

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bluegill

0.0097

1

0.15

0.6979

 

error

1.5070

24

   
           
   

Sums of squares

df

F

P

Bluegill

         

Change in Mass

nitrate

0.7813

1

0.01

0.9162

 

carbaryl

200.0000

1

2.90

0.1017

 

nitrate × carbaryl

38.2813

1

0.55

0.4638

 

bullfrog

81.2813

1

1.18

0.2887

 

nitrate × bullfrog

153.1250

1

2.22

0.1495

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

1.5313

1

0.02

0.8829

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

595.1250

1

8.62

0.0072

 

error

1657.3750

24

   
           

Survival

nitrate

0.0193

1

0.11

0.7418

 

carbaryl

0.1735

1

1.00

0.3273

 

nitrate × carbaryl

0.0193

1

0.11

0.7418

 

bullfrog

0.0193

1

0.11

0.7418

 

nitrate × bullfrog

0.0193

1

0.11

0.7418

 

carbaryl × bullfrog

0.0193

1

0.11

0.7418

 

nitrate × carbaryl × bullfrog

0.4819

1

2.78

0.1086

 

error

 

24

   


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