Ecological Archives E084-045-A2

Brian P. Kinlan and Steven D. Gaines. 2003. Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84:2007–2020.

Appendix B. Estimates of dispersal scale for marine taxa.

Species

Type

Taxonomy

Method

IBD slope§
(FST/km)

Dispersal scale (km)

Reference

Genetic Estimates

Acanthaster planci

I

Echinodermata:Asteroidea

Allozyme

0.00000805

199

Nishida and Lucas 1988

Acanthaster planci

(non-outbreaking)

I

Echinodermata:Asteroidea

Allozyme

0.0000119

135

Benzie 1994

Acanthochromis

polyacanthus

F

Perciformes:Pomacentridae

Allozyme

0.000506

3.2

Doherty et al. 1994

Acanthurus triostegus

F

Perciformes:Acanthuridae

Allozyme

0.0000475

33.7

Planes 1993

Acanthurus triostegus

F

Perciformes:Acanthuridae

Allozyme

0.0000376

42.5

Planes et al. 1994

Acropora cuneata

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.030 ||

0.053

Ayre and Hughes 2000

Acropora cytherea

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.016 d

0.1

Ayre and Hughes 2000

Acropora hyacinthus

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.014 ||

0.114

Ayre and Hughes 2000

Acropora palifera

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.018 ||

0.089

Ayre and Hughes 2000

Adalaria proxima

I

Mollusca:Opisthobranchia

Allozyme

0.024

0.067

Todd et al. 1998

Alaria marginata

M

Phaeophyta

AFLP

0.000381

4.2

Kusumo and Druehl 2000

Alloclinus holderi

F

Perciformes:Labrisomidae

Allozyme

0.000028 ||

57.2

Waples 1987

Amphiprion clarkii

F

Perciformes:Pomacentridae

Allozyme

0.0000639

25.1

Bell et al. 1982, Lacson 1992

Amphiprion melanopus

F

Perciformes:Pomacentridae

Allozyme

0.00005

32

Doherty et al. 1995

Axoclinus nigricaudus

F

Perciformes:Tripterygiidae

MtDNA

0.00059

2.7

Riginos and Nachman 2001

Balanophyllia elegans

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.00204

0.785

Hellberg 1994, Palumbi 2001

Bedeva hanleyi

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.000263

6.1

Borsa et al. 1997

Bembicium vittatum

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.000347

4.6

Parsons 1996

Bunodosoma caissarum

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.0000365 ||

43.9

Russo et al. 1994

Caloglossa leprieurii

M

Rhodophyta

SSCP

0.003406

0.47

Zuccarello et al. 2000

Carterospongia flabellifera

I

Porifera:Dictyoceratidae

Allozyme

0.00162

0.988

Benzie et al. 1994

Caulerpa racemosa

var laetevirens

M

Chlorophyta

Allozyme

0.01064 ||

0.150

Benzie et al. 1997

Caulerpa serrulata

M

Chlorophyta

Allozyme

0.009769 ||

0.164

Benzie et al. 1997

Caulerpa taxifolia

M

Chlorophyta

Allozyme

0.006431 ||

0.249

Benzie et al. 1997

Caulolatilus princeps

F

Perciformes:Malacanthidae

Allozyme

0.000008 ||

200

Waples 1987

Celleporella hyalina

I

Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida

RAPD

0.005291

0.303

Goldson et al. 2001

Cerastoderma glaucum

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.0000153

104

Mariani et al. 2002

Chthamalus montagui

I

Crustacea:Cirripedia

Allozyme

0.000008 ||

200

Pannacciulli et al. 1997

Chthamalus montagui

I

Crustacea:Cirripedia

Allozyme

0.00001 ||

160

Pannacciulli et al. 1997

Chthamalus stellatus

I

Crustacea:Cirripedia

Allozyme

0.0000124 ||

129

Pannacciulli et al. 1997

Chthamalus stellatus

I

Crustacea:Cirripedia

Allozyme

0.0000072 ||

222

Pannacciulli et al. 1997

Clinocottus analis

F

Scorpaeniformes:Cottidae

Allozyme

0.000042 ||

38.1

Waples 1987

Cominella lineolata

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.002906 ||

0.551

Hoskin 1997

Concholepas concholepas

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.0000131

122

Gallardo and Carrasco 1996

Dascyllus aruanus

F

Perciformes:Pomacentridae

Allozyme

0.0000113

142

Planes et al. 1993

Dascyllus trimaculatus

F

Perciformes:Pomacentridae

MtDNA

0.0000337

47.5

Bernardi et al. 2001

Delisea pulchra

M

Rhodophyta

RAPD

0.20688

0.008

Wright et al. 2000

Donax deltoides

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.00000818

196

Murray-Jones and Ayre 1997

Echinometra lucunter

I

Echinodermata:Asteroidea

MtDNA

0.0000212

75.5

McCartney et al. 2000

Echinometra mathaei

I

Echinodermata:Echinoidea

MtDNA

0.00003

53.4

Palumbi 1997,

Palumbi 2003

Electra pilosa

I

Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida

RAPD

0.000268

6.0

Goldson et al. 2001

Embiotoca jacksoni

F

Perciformes:Embiotocidae

Allozyme

0.000444 ||

3.6

Waples 1987

Gadus morhua

F

Gadiformes:Gadidae

RAPD

0.0000094

170

Pogson et al. 1995, Pogson et al. 2001

Gelidium canariensis

(sporophytes)

M

Rhodophyta

Allozyme

0.0013 ||

1.2

Sosa et al. 1998

Girella nigricans

F

Perciformes:Kyphosidae

Allozyme

0.000006 ||

267

Waples 1987

Glycera dibranchiata

I

Polychaeta

Allozyme

0.000318

5

Bristow and Vadas 1991

Gnatholepis thompsoni

F

Perciformes:Gobiidae

MtDNA

0.00000956||

168

Shulman and Bermingham 1995

Gracilaria cervicornis

M

Rhodophyta

Allozyme

0.001609

0.995

Sosa 1996

Gracilaria gracilis

M

Rhodophyta

Microsatellite

0.000403

4.0

Engel et al. 1997

Halichoeres bivittatus

F

Perciformes:Labridae

MtDNA

0.0000091 ||

176

Shulman and Bermingham 1995

Halidrys dioica

M

Phaeophyta

Allozyme

0.001855

0.863

Lu and Williams 1994

Haliotis cracherodii

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

MtDNA

0.0000663 ||

24.2

Hamm and Burton 2000

Hediste diversicolor

I

Polychaeta

Allozyme

0.000386

4.2

Abbiati and Maltagliati 1996

Heliocidaris erythrogramma

I

Echinodermata:Echinoidea

MtDNA

0.000221

7.2

McMillan et al. 1992

Hydrobia ventrosa

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

MtDNA

0.000101

15.8

Wilke and Davis 2000

Kandella candel

Ma

Angiosperm

Allozyme

0.000427 ||

3.8

Sun et al. 1998

Lates calcarifer

F

Perciformes:Centropomidae

MtDNA

0.0000382

41.9

Chenoweth et al. 1998

Lithothrix aspergillum

M

Rhodophyta

Allozyme

0.005662

0.283

Pearson and Murray 1997

Littoraria cingulata

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.0000747

21.4

Johnson and Black 1998

Littorina littorea

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.00007 ||

22.9

Janson 1987

Littorina saxatilis

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.000239

6.7

Janson 1987

Littorina striata

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

RAPD

0.0000116

139

De Wolf et al. 1998

Littorina subrotundata

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

MtDNA

0.001644

0.974

Kyle and Boulding 2000

Lythrypnus dalli

F

Perciformes:Gobiidae

Allozyme

0.000008 ||

200

Waples 1987

Merluccius merluccius

F

Gadiformes:Merlucciidae

Allozyme

0.000008

200

Borsa et al. 1997

Mullus surmuletus

F

Perciformes:Mullidae

RAPD

0.0000193

83

Mamuris et al. 1999

Nucella lamellosa

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Allozyme

0.000241

6.6

Grant and Utter 1988

Ostrea edulis

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.0000182

88.1

Borsa et al. 1997

Oulactis muscosa

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.0000401 ||

39.9

Hunt and Ayre 1989

Pandalus borealis

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Allozyme

0.0000143

112

Kartavtsev 1994

Pecten jacobaeus

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.00000320

501

Ríos et al. 2002

Phyllospongia alcicornis

I

Porifera:Dictyoceratidae

Allozyme

0.000707

2.3

Benzie et al. 1994

Phyllospongia lamellose

I

Porifera:Dictyoceratidae

Allozyme

0.00046 ||

3.5

Benzie et al. 1994

Platichthys flesus ssp. flesus

F

Pleuronectiformes:Pleuronectidae

Allozyme

0.0000145

110

Borsa et al. 1997

Pocillopora damicornis

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.008 ||

0.2

Ayre and Hughes 2000

Posidonia oceanica

S

Angiosperm

Microsat.

0.00036 ||

4.4

Procaccini et al. 2001

Riftia pachyptila

I

Annelida:Polychaeta

Allozyme

0.00000962

166

in Vrijenhoek 1997

Sargassum polyceratium

M

Phaeophyta

RAPD

0.00496

0.323

Engelen et al. 2001

Sciaenops ocellatus

F

Perciformes:Sciaenidae

Microsatellite

0.00000304

527

Gold and Turner 2002

Sebastes helvomaculatus

F

Scorpaeniformes:Sebastidae

MtDNA

0.000034

47.1

Rocha-Olivares and Vetter 1999

Semicossyphus pulcher

F

Perciformes:Labridae

Allozyme

0.000017 ||

94.2

Waples 1987

Silvetia compressa

M

Phaeophyta

Allozyme

0.006192

0.259

Williams and Di Fiori 1996

Solea solea

F

Pleuronectiformes:Soleidae

Allozyme

0.0000119

134

Kotoulas et al. 1995

Stegastes leucostictus

F

Perciformes:Pomacentridae

MtDNA

0.0000209 ||

76.7

Shulman and Bermingham 1995

Stylophora pistillata

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.036 ||

0.044

Ayre and Hughes 2000

Synalpheus brooksi

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Allozyme

0.000569

2.8

Duffy 1993

Synalpheus pectiniger

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Allozyme

0.0000772

20.8

Duffy 1993

Thalassia testudinum

S

Angiosperm

Allozyme

0.001467

1.1

Schlueter and Guttman 1998

Tridacna derasa

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.0000111

144

Benzie 1994

Tridacna maxima

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.00000879

182

Benzie and Williams 1997

Tridacna maxima

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.0000159

101

Benzie and Williams 1997

Ventiella sulfuris

I

Crustacea:Malacostraca

Allozyme

0.0000311

51.5

in Vrijenhoek 1997

Venus antiqua

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Allozyme

0.0000826

19.4

Gallardo et al. 1998

Zoanthus coppingeri

I

Cnidaria

Allozyme

0.0000525

30.5

Burnett et al. 1995

Zostera marina

S

Angiosperm

Microsatellite

0.000303

5.3

Reusch et al. 2000

Invasion estimates

Average rate (km/y)

Maximum rate (km/y)

Antithamnionella ternifolia

M

Rhodophyta

Field

64

.

Maggs and Stegenga 1999

Botrylloides leachi

I

Chordata:Urochordata

Field

16

.

Grosholz 1996

Carcinus maenas

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Field

173

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Carcinus maenas

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Field

63

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Carcinus maenas

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Field

55

.

Grosholz 1996

Caulerpa taxifolia

M

Chlorophyta

Field

0.5

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides

M

Chlorophyta

Field

12

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Dasya baillouviana

M

Rhodophyta

Field

40

.

Maggs and Stegenga 1999

Elminius modestus

I

Crustacea:Cirripedia

Field

41

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Ensis americanus

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Field

125

.

Armonies 2001

Ensis directus

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Field

111

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Grateloupia doryphora

M

Rhodophyta

Field

2

.

Maggs and Stegenga 1999

Hemigrapsus penicillatus

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Field

160

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Hemigrapsus sanguineus

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

Field

33

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Hypnea musciformis

M

Rhodophyta

Field

3.8

.

Russell and Balazs 1994

Littorina littorea

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

Field

42

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Lutjanus kasmira

F

Perciformes:Lutjanidae

Field

130

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Membranipora membranacea

I

Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida

Field

20

.

Grosholz 1996

Mytilus galloprovincialis

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Field

97

.

McQuaid and Phillips 2000

Mytilus galloprovincialis

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Field

115

.

Grosholz 1996

Perna perna

I

Mollusca:Bivalvia

Field

235

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Philine auriformis

I

Mollusca:Opisthobranchia

Field

80

Grosholz 1996

Sargassum muticum (average)

M

Phaeophyta

Field

43

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Tritonia plebeia

I

Mollusca:Opisthobranchia

Field

50

Grosholz 1996

Undaria pinnatifida

M

Phaeophyta

Field

0.37

0.5

Fletcher and Farrell 1999

Zostera japonica

S

Angiosperm

Field

6

.

Shanks et al. 2003

Direct or experimental estimates

Dispersal scale (km)

Alaria esculenta

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.01

Sundene 1962

Alpheus immaculatus

I

Crustacea:Decapoda

settlement

0.03

Shanks et al. 2003

Balanophyllia elegans

I

Cnidaria

settlement

0.0005

Shanks et al. 2003

Botrylloides sp.

I

Chordata:Urochordata

direct obs

0.0006

Shanks et al. 2003

Botryllus schlosseri

I

Chordata:Urochordata

settlement

0.001

Shanks et al. 2003

Bugula neritina

I

Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida

settlement

0.1

Shanks et al. 2003

Colpomenia peregrina

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.002

Vandermeulen and DeWreede 1986

Didemnum molle

I

Chordata:Urochordata

direct obs

0.05

Shanks et al. 2003

Diplosoma similes

I

Chordata:Urochordata

direct obs

0.0022

Shanks et al. 2003

Ectocarpus siliculosus

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

4

Shanks et al. 2003

Fucus distichus

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.001

Pearson and Brawley 1996

Fucus sp.

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.06

in Fletcher and Callow 1992

Gracilaria verrucosa

M

Rhodophyta

settlementf

0.0013

Destombe et al. 1992

Gracilaria gracilis

M

Rhodophyta

paternity analysis

0.0025

Engel et al. 1999

Haliotis rubra

I

Mollusca:Gastropoda

settlement

0.015

Shanks et al. 2003

Laminaria hyperborea

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.2

Fredriksen et al. 1995

Lissoclinum patella

I

Chordata:Urochordata

direct obs

0.01

Shanks et al. 2003

Macrocystis pyrifera

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.04

Anderson and North 1966

Oligocottus maculosus

F

Scorpaeniformes:Cottidae

direct obs

1

Shanks et al. 2003

Pocillopora damicornis

I

Cnidaria

settlement

0.04

Tioho et al. 2001

Podoclavella moluccensis

I

Chordata:Urochordata

direct obs

0.0025

Shanks et al. 2003

Postelsia palmaeformis

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.003

Shanks et al. 2003

Pterygophora californica

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.5

Shanks et al. 2003

Sargassum muticum

M

Phaeophyta

recruitment

0.03

Deysher and Norton 1982

Sargassum polyceratium

M

Phaeophyta

recruitment

0.001

in Engelen et al. 2001

Silvetia compressa

M

Phaeophyta

settlement

0.001

Williams and Di Fiori 1996

Zostera marina

S

Angiosperm

settlement

0.200

Churchill et al.1985

Estimated from genetics, invasion rate, and direct/experimental techniques. Each method entails biases and uncertainties which limit the use of these dispersal estimates to a comparative context. See text for details.

Taxonomic group, M = Macroalga, I = Invertebrate, F = Fish, S = Seagrass, Ma = Mangrove.

§Estimated from increase in FST or equivalent over spatial scale of the study (see Methods for details).

||Slope approximated from FST or equivalent at a single spatial scale, assuming no differentiation at smallest scale (see Methods for details).

Where average invasion rate differs across regions, directions of spread, or time periods within a study, the maximum average rate is reported.

#Based on settlement in a flume tank.

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