Ecological Archives E084-074-A3

Mark van Kleunen and Bernhard Schmid. 2003. No evidence for an evolutionary increased competitive ability in an invasive plant. Ecology 84:2816–2823.

Appendix C. ANOVA tables of data including diploid and hexaploid plants.

Hexaploid plants were only present in populations from North America. We corrected for this by fitting "ploidy" before "continent" in the analyses of variance. Therefore, the continent effect in the tables below refers to differences between diploid American and European plants.

Table C1. Summary of analysis of variance of effects of position in the garden (row X and Y), simulated herbivory, ploidy level, continent of origin, plot, population of origin, and seed family on the relative height growth rate (RhGR) in the experiment with Solidago canadensis. We used repeated-measures analysis of variance to study both variation between plants (between subject) and variation within plants (within subject).

Effect

df

MS

F

Between plants

     

Row X

1

7.610 × 10-3

153.93***

Row Y

1

1.095 × 10-3

22.15***

Herbivory

1

3.324 × 10-4

3.21†

Plot (within herbivory)

46

1.036 × 10-4

2.10***

Ploidy

1

2.168 × 10-3

18.82***

Continent

1

2.178 × 10-5

0.19

Population (within continent)

17

1.152 × 10-4

2.24**

Family (within population, continent)

119

5.143 × 10-5

1.04

Herbivory × ploidy

1

1.303 × 10-4

2.06

Herbivory × continent

1

3.113 × 10-5

0.49

Herbivory × population (within continent)

17

6.339 × 10-5

1.38

Herbivory × family (within population, continent)

115

4.576 × 10-5

0.93

Plant

388

4.944 × 10-5

 

Within plants

     

Period

1

0.148

3621.20***

Period × row X

1

1.230 × 10-2

300.23***

Period × row Y

1

1.437 × 10-3

35.06***

Period × herbivory

1

1.232 × 10-3

11.96**

Period × plot (within herbivory)

46

1.030 × 10-4

2.52***

Period × ploidy

1

2.173 × 10-3

16.97***

Period × continent

1

4.990 × 10-6

0.04

Period × population (within continent)

17

1.280 × 10-4

2.60**

Period × family (within population, continent)

119

4.919 × 10-5

1.201

Period × herbivory × ploidy

1

1.316 × 10-4

2.37

Period × herbivory × continent

1

3.025 × 10-5

0.55

Period × herbivory × population (within continent)

17

5.548 × 10-5

1.35

Period × herbivory × family (within population, continent)

115

4.106 × 10-5

1.00

Error

388

4.097 × 10-5

 

P < 0.1; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

 

Table C2.Summary of analyses of variance of effects of position in the garden (row X and Y), simulated herbivory, ploidy level, and continent of origin, plot, population of origin, and seed family on (a) final stem height, area of a leaf, specific leaf area, (b) stomatal conductance, (c) inflorescence biomass, and number of vegetative offspring in the experiment with Solidago canadensis. For stomatal conductance we also included the day of measurement and the leaf temperature as covariables.

(a)

 

Stem height

Log(area of a leaf)#1

Log(specific leaf area)#2

Effect

df

MS

F

MS

F

MS

F

Row X

1

120147.332

341.38***

0.355

14.11***

2.013 × 10-2

5.49*

Row Y

1

10268.061

29.175***

2.571 × 10-3

0.10

3.660 × 10-2

9.98**

Herbivory

1

1783.762

0.81

0.604

18.16***

2.904 × 10-2

7.91**

Plot (within herbivory)

46

2198.458

6.25***

3.327 × 10-2

1.32

3.676 × 10-3

1.00

Ploidy

1

673.170

0.30

0.751

9.76**

0.250

30.00***

Continent

1

6789.514

3.01

0.897

11.64**

1.646 × 10-2

1.98

Population (within continent)

17

2257.241

3.90***

7.702 × 10-2

1.79*

8.327 × 10-3

1.67†

Family (within population, continent)

119

579.147

1.65***

4.312 × 10-2

1.71***

4.976 × 10-3

1.36*

Herbivory × ploidy

1

389.492

4.36†

3.956 × 10-2

1.99

6.211 × 10-4

0.09

Herbivory × continent

1

0.057

0.00

6.898 × 10-3

0.35

3.002 × 10-4

0.04

Herbivory × population (within continent)

17

89.446

0.34

1.992 × 10-2

1.07

6.875 × 10-3

2.32**

Herbivory × family (within pop., continent)

116

261.349

0.74

1.870 × 10-2

0.74

2.960 × 10-3

0.81

Error

406

351.951

 

2.516 × 10-2

 

3.668 × 10-3

 
   

(b)

Stomatal conductance

Effect

df

MS

F

Row X

1

1.099

42.81***

Row Y

1

1.032 × 10-3

0.04

Day of measurement

1

0.602

23.47***

Leaf temperature

1

4.926

191.99***

Herbivory

1

3.688 × 10-2

0.93

Plot (within herbivory)

46

3.960× 10-2

1.54*

Ploidy

1

0.176

2.17

Continent

1

0.132

1.63

Population (within continent)

17

8.114× 10-2

2.49**

Family (within population, continent)

119

3.253× 10-2

1.27*

Herbivory × ploidy

1

6.576 × 10-3

0.58

Herbivory × continent

1

2.320 × 10-2

2.05

Herbivory × population (within continent)

17

1.131 × 10-2

0.54

Herbivory × family (within population continent)

116

2.115 × 10-2

0.82

Error

386

2.566 × 10-2

 
       

(c)

 

Sqrt(inflorescence biomass)#3

Log(number of vegetative offspring)

Effect

df

MS

F

MS

F

Row X

1

1432.476

472.34***

2.658

74.88***

Row Y

1

84.601

27.90***

0.577

16.25***

Herbivory

1

8.094

0.53

4.767 × 10-2

0.84

Plot (within herbivory)

46

15.340

5.06***

5.649 × 10-2

1.59*

Ploidy

1

0.887

0.10

0.729

5.26*

Continent

1

42.048

4.64*

2.701 × 10-2

0.20

Population (within continent)

17

9.056

2.19**

0.139

2.75***

Family (within population, continent)

119

4.138

1.36

5.047 × 10-2

1.42**

Herbivory × ploidy

1

2.305

1.67

1.596 × 10-2

0.52

Herbivory × continent

1

2.063

1.49

1.812 × 10-3

0.06

Herbivory × population (within continent)

17

1.382

0.78

3.079 × 10-2

1.20

Herbivory × family (within pop., continent)

117

1.764

0.58

2.574× 10-2

0.73

Error

407

3.033

 

3.549 × 10-2

 

#1Error df for log(area of a leaf) was 386.

#2Error df for log(specific leaf area) was 385.

#3Error df of sqrt(inflorescence biomass) was 399.

P < 0.1; * P < 0.05;** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.



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