Appendix C. ANOVA tables of data including diploid and hexaploid plants.
Hexaploid plants were only present in populations from North America. We corrected for this by fitting "ploidy" before "continent" in the analyses of variance. Therefore, the continent effect in the tables below refers to differences between diploid American and European plants.
Table C1. Summary of analysis of variance of effects of position in the garden (row X and Y), simulated herbivory, ploidy level, continent of origin, plot, population of origin, and seed family on the relative height growth rate (RhGR) in the experiment with Solidago canadensis. We used repeated-measures analysis of variance to study both variation between plants (between subject) and variation within plants (within subject).
Effect |
df |
MS |
F |
Between plants |
|||
Row X |
1 |
7.610 × 10-3 |
153.93*** |
Row Y |
1 |
1.095 × 10-3 |
22.15*** |
Herbivory |
1 |
3.324 × 10-4 |
3.21† |
Plot (within herbivory) |
46 |
1.036 × 10-4 |
2.10*** |
Ploidy |
1 |
2.168 × 10-3 |
18.82*** |
Continent |
1 |
2.178 × 10-5 |
0.19 |
Population (within continent) |
17 |
1.152 × 10-4 |
2.24** |
Family (within population, continent) |
119 |
5.143 × 10-5 |
1.04 |
Herbivory × ploidy |
1 |
1.303 × 10-4 |
2.06 |
Herbivory × continent |
1 |
3.113 × 10-5 |
0.49 |
Herbivory × population (within continent) |
17 |
6.339 × 10-5 |
1.38 |
Herbivory × family (within population, continent) |
115 |
4.576 × 10-5 |
0.93 |
Plant |
388 |
4.944 × 10-5 |
|
Within plants |
|||
Period |
1 |
0.148 |
3621.20*** |
Period × row X |
1 |
1.230 × 10-2 |
300.23*** |
Period × row Y |
1 |
1.437 × 10-3 |
35.06*** |
Period × herbivory |
1 |
1.232 × 10-3 |
11.96** |
Period × plot (within herbivory) |
46 |
1.030 × 10-4 |
2.52*** |
Period × ploidy |
1 |
2.173 × 10-3 |
16.97*** |
Period × continent |
1 |
4.990 × 10-6 |
0.04 |
Period × population (within continent) |
17 |
1.280 × 10-4 |
2.60** |
Period × family (within population, continent) |
119 |
4.919 × 10-5 |
1.201 |
Period × herbivory × ploidy |
1 |
1.316 × 10-4 |
2.37 |
Period × herbivory × continent |
1 |
3.025 × 10-5 |
0.55 |
Period × herbivory × population (within continent) |
17 |
5.548 × 10-5 |
1.35 |
Period × herbivory × family (within population, continent) |
115 |
4.106 × 10-5 |
1.00 |
Error |
388 |
4.097 × 10-5 |
† P < 0.1; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
Table C2.Summary of analyses of variance of effects of position in the garden (row X and Y), simulated herbivory, ploidy level, and continent of origin, plot, population of origin, and seed family on (a) final stem height, area of a leaf, specific leaf area, (b) stomatal conductance, (c) inflorescence biomass, and number of vegetative offspring in the experiment with Solidago canadensis. For stomatal conductance we also included the day of measurement and the leaf temperature as covariables.
(a) |
Stem height |
Log(area of a leaf)#1 |
Log(specific leaf area)#2 |
|||||
Effect |
df |
MS |
F |
MS |
F |
MS |
F |
|
Row X |
1 |
120147.332 |
341.38*** |
0.355 |
14.11*** |
2.013 × 10-2 |
5.49* |
|
Row Y |
1 |
10268.061 |
29.175*** |
2.571 × 10-3 |
0.10 |
3.660 × 10-2 |
9.98** |
|
Herbivory |
1 |
1783.762 |
0.81 |
0.604 |
18.16*** |
2.904 × 10-2 |
7.91** |
|
Plot (within herbivory) |
46 |
2198.458 |
6.25*** |
3.327 × 10-2 |
1.32 |
3.676 × 10-3 |
1.00 |
|
Ploidy |
1 |
673.170 |
0.30 |
0.751 |
9.76** |
0.250 |
30.00*** |
|
Continent |
1 |
6789.514 |
3.01 |
0.897 |
11.64** |
1.646 × 10-2 |
1.98 |
|
Population (within continent) |
17 |
2257.241 |
3.90*** |
7.702 × 10-2 |
1.79* |
8.327 × 10-3 |
1.67† |
|
Family (within population, continent) |
119 |
579.147 |
1.65*** |
4.312 × 10-2 |
1.71*** |
4.976 × 10-3 |
1.36* |
|
Herbivory × ploidy |
1 |
389.492 |
4.36† |
3.956 × 10-2 |
1.99 |
6.211 × 10-4 |
0.09 |
|
Herbivory × continent |
1 |
0.057 |
0.00 |
6.898 × 10-3 |
0.35 |
3.002 × 10-4 |
0.04 |
|
Herbivory × population (within continent) |
17 |
89.446 |
0.34 |
1.992 × 10-2 |
1.07 |
6.875 × 10-3 |
2.32** |
|
Herbivory × family (within pop., continent) |
116 |
261.349 |
0.74 |
1.870 × 10-2 |
0.74 |
2.960 × 10-3 |
0.81 |
|
Error |
406 |
351.951 |
2.516 × 10-2 |
3.668 × 10-3 |
(b) |
Stomatal conductance |
||
Effect |
df |
MS |
F |
Row X |
1 |
1.099 |
42.81*** |
Row Y |
1 |
1.032 × 10-3 |
0.04 |
Day of measurement |
1 |
0.602 |
23.47*** |
Leaf temperature |
1 |
4.926 |
191.99*** |
Herbivory |
1 |
3.688 × 10-2 |
0.93 |
Plot (within herbivory) |
46 |
3.960× 10-2 |
1.54* |
Ploidy |
1 |
0.176 |
2.17 |
Continent |
1 |
0.132 |
1.63 |
Population (within continent) |
17 |
8.114× 10-2 |
2.49** |
Family (within population, continent) |
119 |
3.253× 10-2 |
1.27* |
Herbivory × ploidy |
1 |
6.576 × 10-3 |
0.58 |
Herbivory × continent |
1 |
2.320 × 10-2 |
2.05 |
Herbivory × population (within continent) |
17 |
1.131 × 10-2 |
0.54 |
Herbivory × family (within population continent) |
116 |
2.115 × 10-2 |
0.82 |
Error |
386 |
2.566 × 10-2 |
(c) |
Sqrt(inflorescence biomass)#3 |
Log(number of vegetative offspring) |
|||
Effect |
df |
MS |
F |
MS |
F |
Row X |
1 |
1432.476 |
472.34*** |
2.658 |
74.88*** |
Row Y |
1 |
84.601 |
27.90*** |
0.577 |
16.25*** |
Herbivory |
1 |
8.094 |
0.53 |
4.767 × 10-2 |
0.84 |
Plot (within herbivory) |
46 |
15.340 |
5.06*** |
5.649 × 10-2 |
1.59* |
Ploidy |
1 |
0.887 |
0.10 |
0.729 |
5.26* |
Continent |
1 |
42.048 |
4.64* |
2.701 × 10-2 |
0.20 |
Population (within continent) |
17 |
9.056 |
2.19** |
0.139 |
2.75*** |
Family (within population, continent) |
119 |
4.138 |
1.36 |
5.047 × 10-2 |
1.42** |
Herbivory × ploidy |
1 |
2.305 |
1.67 |
1.596 × 10-2 |
0.52 |
Herbivory × continent |
1 |
2.063 |
1.49 |
1.812 × 10-3 |
0.06 |
Herbivory × population (within continent) |
17 |
1.382 |
0.78 |
3.079 × 10-2 |
1.20 |
Herbivory × family (within pop., continent) |
117 |
1.764 |
0.58 |
2.574× 10-2 |
0.73 |
Error |
407 |
3.033 |
3.549 × 10-2 |
#1Error df for log(area of a leaf) was 386.
#2Error df for log(specific leaf area) was 385.
#3Error df of sqrt(inflorescence biomass) was 399.
† P < 0.1; * P < 0.05;** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.