Ecological Archives E085-093-A1

Leslie Ries and Thomas D. Sisk. 2004. A predictive model of edge effects. Ecology 85:2917–2926.

Appendix A. Information used to generate predictions for 52 bird species whose edge responses were reported in the recent literature (Germaine et al. 1997, Sisk et al. 1997, and Brand and George 2001).

Species

Ref

Habitat associations

Habitat classification

Resource use§

Prediction4

           

California quail
Callipepla californica

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Chaparral, scrub, open woodland, suburbs

BOTH

COMPLE-MENTARY

Pos

Mourning dove
Zenaida macroura

Mirarchi and Baskett 1994

Habitat generalist - forests and open

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Ruby-throated hummingbird
Archilochus colubris

Robinson et al. 1996

Open woodlands and forests, associated with openings

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Anna's hummingbird
Calypte anna

Russell 1996

Oak woodlands, chapparal, savannahs, urban and suburban

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Yellow-bellied sapsucker
Sphyrapicus varius

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Mixed decid.-conif. forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Nuttall's woodpecker
Picoides nuttallii

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Oak woodland, chapparral, riparian woodland

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Northern flicker
Colaptes auratus

Moore 1995

Open woodland

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Western wood-pewee
Contopus sordidulus

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Conif. and mixed forests, riparian woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Least flycatcher
Empidonax minimus

Briskie 1994

Varied forest, from open to mature

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Pacific-slope flycatcher
Empidonax difficilis

Lowther 2000

Coniferous, mixed and secondary woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Ash-throated flycatcher
Myiarchus cinerascens

Cardiff and Dittmann 2002

Woodland, prefers foraging in open or scrubby habitat

BOTH

COMPLE- MENTARY

Pos

Blue-headed vireo
Vireo solitarius

James 1998

Coniferous or mixed woodland

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Red-eyed vireo
Vireo olivaceus

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Deciduous forest and woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Hutton's vireo
Vireo huttoni

Davis 1995

Evergreen oak woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Western scrub-jay
Aphelocoma californica

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Scrub to woodland

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Steller's jay
Cyanocitta stelleri

Greene et al. 1998

Conif./mixed/open woodlands and orchards/gardens

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Common raven
Corvus corax

Boarman and Heinrich 1999

Wide variety of habitats, from forest to open.

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Violet-green swallow
Tachycineta thalassina

Brown et al. 1992

Little known about habitat. Nests in open woodlands, foraging also in open

BOTH

COMPLE-MENTARY

Pos

Black-capped chickadee
Parus atricapillus

Smith 1993

Decid., mixed and open woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Chestnut-backed chickadee
Parus rufescens

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Coniferous and mixed forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Bushtit
Psaltriparus minimus

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Woodland, scrub, chaparral

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Plain titmouse
Parus inornatus

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Oak woodland

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Brown creeper
Certhia americana

Hejl et al. 2002

Coniferous and mixed conif.-decid. forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Red-breasted nuthatch
Sitta canadensis

Ghalambor and Martin 1999

Coniferous and mixed conif.-decid. forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

White-breasted nuthatch
Sitta carolinensis

Pravosudov and Grubb 1993

Mature deciduous woodland. Prefers open.

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Bewick's wren
Thryomanes bewickii

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Open woodland, shrubland, farms

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Winter wren
Troglodytes troglodytes

Hejl et al. 2002

Mostly coniferous, near water

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Blue-gray gnatcatcher
Polioptila caerulea

Ellison 1992

Broad range of wooded habitats: shrubby to mature forest

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Western bluebird
Sialia mexicana

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Open habitat to open woodland

BOTH

COMPLE-MENTARY

Pos

Golden-crowned kinglet
Regulus satrapa

Ingold and Galati 1997

Coniferous forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

American robin
Turdus migratorius

Sallabanks and James 1999

Forests, woodlands, often forages in open

BOTH

COMPLE- MENTARY

Pos

Wood thrush
Hylocichla mustelina

Roth et al. 1996

Decid. and mixed forest

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Varied thrush
Ixoreus naevius

George 2000

Coniferous forests, especially old-growth

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Swainson's thrush
Catharus ustulatus

Mack and Yong 2000

Mostly coniferous, some riparian woods

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Hermit thrush
Catharus guttatus

Jones and Donovan 1996

Strong forest association, but of varied types

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos

Derrickson and Breitwisch 1992

Nests in shrubby or open forests, prefers foraging in open

BOTH

COMPLE- MENTARY

Pos

European starling
Sturnus vulgaris

Cabe 1993

Habitat generalist, from forest to open

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

American redstart
Setophaga ruticilla

Sherry and Holmes 1997

Deciduous second-growth woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Chestnut-sided warbler
Dendroica pensylvanica

Richardson and Brauning 1995

Open, early and second growth deciduous forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Black-throated blue warbler
Dendroica caerulescens

Holmes 1994

Relatively undisturbed deciduous or mixed forest

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Blackburnian warbler
Dendroica fusca

Morse 1994

Conif., mixed, and some decid. forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Black-throated green warbler
Dendroica virens

Morse 1993

Varied conif., mixed and decid. forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Hermit warbler
Dendroica occidentalis

Pearson 1997

Mature coniferous forests

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Black-and-white warbler
Mniotilta varia

Kricher 1995

Decid. and mixed forest

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Ovenbird
Seiurus aurocapillus

Van Horn and Donovan 1994

Decid. or mixed forest

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Scarlet tanager
Piranga olivacea

Mowbray 1999

Mature decid. or mixed forest

FOREST

N/A

Neg

Rose-breasted grosbeak
Pheucticus ludovicicanus

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Decid. forest, woodland, 2nd growth

FOREST

N/A

Neg

White-throated sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis

Falls and Kopachena 1994

Conif./mixed forests; prefers foraging near openings

BOTH

COMPLE- MENTARY

Pos

Dark-eyed junco
Junco hyemalis

Ehrlich et al. 1988

Conif. and decid. forest and open woodlands

FOREST

N/A

Neg

California towhee
Pipilo crissalis

Kunzmann et al. 2002

Prefers dense vegetation for cover and nesting and open habitat for foraging

BOTH

COMPLE- MENTARY

Pos

Purple finch
Carpodacus purpureus

Wootton 1996

Conif. to decid. forests to open areas with scattered trees

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

Lesser goldfinch
Carduelis psaltria

Watt and Willoughby 1999

Open woodlands and parks and gardens

BOTH

UNKNOWN

Pos/NR

   Notes: Habitat associations are taken from the listed references and used to classify each species by its habitat and resource use. Predictions were generated from habitat classifications and resource use based on rules described in the text and Fig. 1. Outcomes of the model test for all 52 species are illustrated in Fig. 2.

Species were placed into three habitat classifications (FOREST, OPEN, and BOTH) based on rules given in text.

When species were classified as "BOTH" (see habitat classification), they were further classified as complementary, supplementary, or unknown. For other habitat classifications, information on resource use were not needed (N/A).

§Prediction based on habitat model (see Fig. 1 and text for specific rules): increased abundance predicted near edges (Pos); no edge response predicted (NR); information on resource use does not allow prediction to be distinguished between positive or neutral, so either is predicted (Pos/NR); decreased abundance predicted near edges (Neg).

 

LITERATURE CITATIONS

Boarman, W. I., and B. Heinrich. 1999. Common raven (Corvus corax). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 476. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Brand, L. A., and T. L. George. 2001. Response of passerine birds to forest edge in coast redwood forest fragments. The Auk 118:678–686.

Briskie, J. V. 1994. Least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 99. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Brown, C. R., A. M. Knott, and E. J. Damrose. 1992. Violet-green swallow (Tachycineta thalassina). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 14. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Cabe, P. R. 1993. European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 48. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Cardiff, S. W., and D. L. Dittmann. 2002. Ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 664. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Davis, J. N. 1995. Hutton's vireo (Vireo huttoni). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 189. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Derrickson, K. C., and R. Breitwisch. 1992. Northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 7. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, USA.

Ellison, W. G. 1992. Blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 23. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Falls, J. B., and J. G. Kopachena. 1994. White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 128. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

George, T. L. 2000. Varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 541. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Germaine, S.S., S. H. Vessey, and D. E. Capen. 1997. Effects of small forest openings on the breeding bird community in a Vermont hardwood forest. Condor 99:708–718.

Ghalambor, C. K., and T. E. Martin. 1999. Red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 459. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Greene, E., W. Davison, and V. R. Muehter. 1998. Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 343. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Hejl, S. J., J. A. Holmes, and D. E. Kroodsma. 2002. Winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 632. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Hejl, S. J., K. R. Newlon, M. E. McFadzen, J. S. Young, and C. K. Ghalambor. 2002. Brown creeper (Certhia americana). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 669. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Holmes, R. T. 1994. Black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 87. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Ingold, J. L., and R. Galati. 1997. Golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 301. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

James, R. D. 1998. Blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 379. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Jones, P. W., and T. M. Donovan. 1996. Hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 261. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Kricher, J. C. 1995. Black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 158. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Kunzmann, M. R., K. Ellison, K. L. Purcell, R. R. Johnson, and L. T. Haight. 2002. California towhee (Pipilo crissalis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 632. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Lowther, P. E. 1993. Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 47. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Lowther, P. E. 2000. Pacific-slope flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis) and Cordilleran flycatcher (Empidonaxoccidentalis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 556. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Mack, D. E., and W. Yong. 2000. Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 540. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Mirarchi, R. E., and T. S. Baskett. 1994. Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 117. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Moore, W. S. 1995. Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 166. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Morse, D. H. 1993. Black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 55. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Morse, D. H. 1994. Blackburnian warbler (Dendroica fusca). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 102. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Mowbray, T. B. 1999. Scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 479. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Pearson, S. F. 1997. Hermit warbler (Dendroica occidentalis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 303. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Praosudov, V. V., and T. C. Grubb Jr. 1993. White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 54. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Richardson, M., and D. W. Brauning. 1995. Chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 190. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Robinson, T. R., R. R. Sargent, and M. B. Sargent. 1996. Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 204. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Roth, R. R., M. S. Johnson, and T. J. Underwood. 1996. Wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 246. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Russell, S. M. 1996. Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 226. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Sallabanks, R., and F. C. James. 1999. American robin (Turdus migratorius). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 462. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Sherry, T. W., and R. T. Holmes. 1997. American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 277. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Sisk, T.D., N. M. Haddad, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1997. Bird assemblages in patchy woodlands: modeling the effects of edge and matrix habitats. Ecological Applications 7:1170–1180.

Smith, S. M. 1993. Black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 39. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Van Horn, M. A., and T. M. Donovan. 1994. Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 88. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Watt, D. J., and E. J. Willoughby. 1999. Lesser goldfinch (Carduelis psaltria). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 392. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Wootton, J. T. 1996. Purple finch (Carpodacus purpureus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 208. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.



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