Appendix A. Information used to generate predictions for 52 bird species whose edge responses were reported in the recent literature (Germaine et al. 1997, Sisk et al. 1997, and Brand and George 2001).
Species
Ref†
Habitat associations
Habitat classification‡
Resource use§
Prediction4
California quail
Callipepla californicaEhrlich et al. 1988
Chaparral, scrub, open woodland, suburbs
BOTH
COMPLE-MENTARY
Pos
Mourning dove
Zenaida macrouraMirarchi and Baskett 1994
Habitat generalist - forests and open
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Ruby-throated hummingbird
Archilochus colubrisRobinson et al. 1996
Open woodlands and forests, associated with openings
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Anna's hummingbird
Calypte annaRussell 1996
Oak woodlands, chapparal, savannahs, urban and suburban
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Yellow-bellied sapsucker
Sphyrapicus variusEhrlich et al. 1988
Mixed decid.-conif. forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Nuttall's woodpecker
Picoides nuttalliiEhrlich et al. 1988
Oak woodland, chapparral, riparian woodland
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Northern flicker
Colaptes auratusMoore 1995
Open woodland
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Western wood-pewee
Contopus sordidulusEhrlich et al. 1988
Conif. and mixed forests, riparian woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Least flycatcher
Empidonax minimusBriskie 1994
Varied forest, from open to mature
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Pacific-slope flycatcher
Empidonax difficilisLowther 2000
Coniferous, mixed and secondary woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Ash-throated flycatcher
Myiarchus cinerascensCardiff and Dittmann 2002
Woodland, prefers foraging in open or scrubby habitat
BOTH
COMPLE- MENTARY
Pos
Blue-headed vireo
Vireo solitariusJames 1998
Coniferous or mixed woodland
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Red-eyed vireo
Vireo olivaceus
- Ehrlich et al. 1988
Deciduous forest and woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Hutton's vireo
Vireo huttoniDavis 1995
Evergreen oak woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Western scrub-jay
Aphelocoma californicaEhrlich et al. 1988
Scrub to woodland
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Steller's jay
Cyanocitta stelleriGreene et al. 1998
Conif./mixed/open woodlands and orchards/gardens
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Common raven
Corvus coraxBoarman and Heinrich 1999
Wide variety of habitats, from forest to open.
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Violet-green swallow
Tachycineta thalassinaBrown et al. 1992
Little known about habitat. Nests in open woodlands, foraging also in open
BOTH
COMPLE-MENTARY
Pos
Black-capped chickadee
Parus atricapillusSmith 1993
Decid., mixed and open woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Chestnut-backed chickadee
Parus rufescensEhrlich et al. 1988
Coniferous and mixed forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Bushtit
Psaltriparus minimusEhrlich et al. 1988
Woodland, scrub, chaparral
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Plain titmouse
Parus inornatus
- Ehrlich et al. 1988
Oak woodland
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Brown creeper
Certhia americanaHejl et al. 2002
Coniferous and mixed conif.-decid. forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Red-breasted nuthatch
Sitta canadensisGhalambor and Martin 1999
Coniferous and mixed conif.-decid. forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
White-breasted nuthatch
Sitta carolinensisPravosudov and Grubb 1993
Mature deciduous woodland. Prefers open.
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Bewick's wren
Thryomanes bewickiiEhrlich et al. 1988
Open woodland, shrubland, farms
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Winter wren
Troglodytes troglodytesHejl et al. 2002
Mostly coniferous, near water
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Blue-gray gnatcatcher
Polioptila caeruleaEllison 1992
Broad range of wooded habitats: shrubby to mature forest
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Western bluebird
Sialia mexicanaEhrlich et al. 1988
Open habitat to open woodland
BOTH
COMPLE-MENTARY
Pos
Golden-crowned kinglet
Regulus satrapaIngold and Galati 1997
Coniferous forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
American robin
Turdus migratoriusSallabanks and James 1999
Forests, woodlands, often forages in open
BOTH
COMPLE- MENTARY
Pos
Wood thrush
Hylocichla mustelinaRoth et al. 1996
Decid. and mixed forest
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Varied thrush
Ixoreus naeviusGeorge 2000
Coniferous forests, especially old-growth
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Swainson's thrush
Catharus ustulatusMack and Yong 2000
Mostly coniferous, some riparian woods
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Hermit thrush
Catharus guttatusJones and Donovan 1996
Strong forest association, but of varied types
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Northern mockingbird
Mimus polyglottosDerrickson and Breitwisch 1992
Nests in shrubby or open forests, prefers foraging in open
BOTH
COMPLE- MENTARY
Pos
European starling
Sturnus vulgarisCabe 1993
Habitat generalist, from forest to open
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
American redstart
Setophaga ruticillaSherry and Holmes 1997
Deciduous second-growth woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Chestnut-sided warbler
Dendroica pensylvanicaRichardson and Brauning 1995
Open, early and second growth deciduous forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Black-throated blue warbler
Dendroica caerulescensHolmes 1994
Relatively undisturbed deciduous or mixed forest
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Blackburnian warbler
Dendroica fuscaMorse 1994
Conif., mixed, and some decid. forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Black-throated green warbler
Dendroica virensMorse 1993
Varied conif., mixed and decid. forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Hermit warbler
Dendroica occidentalisPearson 1997
Mature coniferous forests
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Black-and-white warbler
Mniotilta variaKricher 1995
Decid. and mixed forest
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Ovenbird
Seiurus aurocapillusVan Horn and Donovan 1994
Decid. or mixed forest
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Scarlet tanager
Piranga olivaceaMowbray 1999
Mature decid. or mixed forest
FOREST
N/A
Neg
Rose-breasted grosbeak
Pheucticus ludovicicanusEhrlich et al. 1988
Decid. forest, woodland, 2nd growth
FOREST
N/A
Neg
White-throated sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollisFalls and Kopachena 1994
Conif./mixed forests; prefers foraging near openings
BOTH
COMPLE- MENTARY
Pos
Dark-eyed junco
Junco hyemalisEhrlich et al. 1988
Conif. and decid. forest and open woodlands
FOREST
N/A
Neg
California towhee
Pipilo crissalisKunzmann et al. 2002
Prefers dense vegetation for cover and nesting and open habitat for foraging
BOTH
COMPLE- MENTARY
Pos
Purple finch
Carpodacus purpureusWootton 1996
Conif. to decid. forests to open areas with scattered trees
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Lesser goldfinch
Carduelis psaltriaWatt and Willoughby 1999
Open woodlands and parks and gardens
BOTH
UNKNOWN
Pos/NR
Notes: Habitat associations are taken from the listed references and used to classify each species by its habitat and resource use. Predictions were generated from habitat classifications and resource use based on rules described in the text and Fig. 1. Outcomes of the model test for all 52 species are illustrated in Fig. 2.
†Species were placed into three habitat classifications (FOREST, OPEN, and BOTH) based on rules given in text.
‡When species were classified as "BOTH" (see habitat classification), they were further classified as complementary, supplementary, or unknown. For other habitat classifications, information on resource use were not needed (N/A).
§Prediction based on habitat model (see Fig. 1 and text for specific rules): increased abundance predicted near edges (Pos); no edge response predicted (NR); information on resource use does not allow prediction to be distinguished between positive or neutral, so either is predicted (Pos/NR); decreased abundance predicted near edges (Neg).
LITERATURE CITATIONS
Boarman, W. I., and B. Heinrich. 1999. Common raven (Corvus corax). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 476. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Brand, L. A., and T. L. George. 2001. Response of passerine birds to forest edge in coast redwood forest fragments. The Auk 118:678–686.
Briskie, J. V. 1994. Least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 99. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Brown, C. R., A. M. Knott, and E. J. Damrose. 1992. Violet-green swallow (Tachycineta thalassina). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 14. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cabe, P. R. 1993. European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 48. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cardiff, S. W., and D. L. Dittmann. 2002. Ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 664. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Davis, J. N. 1995. Hutton's vireo (Vireo huttoni). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 189. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Derrickson, K. C., and R. Breitwisch. 1992. Northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 7. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, USA.
Ellison, W. G. 1992. Blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 23. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Falls, J. B., and J. G. Kopachena. 1994. White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 128. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
George, T. L. 2000. Varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 541. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Germaine, S.S., S. H. Vessey, and D. E. Capen. 1997. Effects of small forest openings on the breeding bird community in a Vermont hardwood forest. Condor 99:708–718.
Ghalambor, C. K., and T. E. Martin. 1999. Red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 459. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Greene, E., W. Davison, and V. R. Muehter. 1998. Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 343. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Hejl, S. J., J. A. Holmes, and D. E. Kroodsma. 2002. Winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 632. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Hejl, S. J., K. R. Newlon, M. E. McFadzen, J. S. Young, and C. K. Ghalambor. 2002. Brown creeper (Certhia americana). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 669. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Holmes, R. T. 1994. Black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 87. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Ingold, J. L., and R. Galati. 1997. Golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 301. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
James, R. D. 1998. Blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 379. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Jones, P. W., and T. M. Donovan. 1996. Hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 261. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Kricher, J. C. 1995. Black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 158. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Kunzmann, M. R., K. Ellison, K. L. Purcell, R. R. Johnson, and L. T. Haight. 2002. California towhee (Pipilo crissalis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 632. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Lowther, P. E. 1993. Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 47. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Lowther, P. E. 2000. Pacific-slope flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis) and Cordilleran flycatcher (Empidonaxoccidentalis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 556. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mack, D. E., and W. Yong. 2000. Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 540. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mirarchi, R. E., and T. S. Baskett. 1994. Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 117. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Moore, W. S. 1995. Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 166. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Morse, D. H. 1993. Black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 55. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Morse, D. H. 1994. Blackburnian warbler (Dendroica fusca). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 102. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mowbray, T. B. 1999. Scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 479. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Pearson, S. F. 1997. Hermit warbler (Dendroica occidentalis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 303. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Praosudov, V. V., and T. C. Grubb Jr. 1993. White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 54. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Richardson, M., and D. W. Brauning. 1995. Chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 190. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Robinson, T. R., R. R. Sargent, and M. B. Sargent. 1996. Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 204. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Roth, R. R., M. S. Johnson, and T. J. Underwood. 1996. Wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 246. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Russell, S. M. 1996. Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 226. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sallabanks, R., and F. C. James. 1999. American robin (Turdus migratorius). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 462. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sherry, T. W., and R. T. Holmes. 1997. American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 277. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sisk, T.D., N. M. Haddad, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1997. Bird assemblages in patchy woodlands: modeling the effects of edge and matrix habitats. Ecological Applications 7:1170–1180.
Smith, S. M. 1993. Black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 39. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Van Horn, M. A., and T. M. Donovan. 1994. Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 88. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Watt, D. J., and E. J. Willoughby. 1999. Lesser goldfinch (Carduelis psaltria). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 392. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Wootton, J. T. 1996. Purple finch (Carpodacus purpureus). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 208. The Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.