Appendix C. Species charcacteristics and abundances of all species naturally regenerating in Saccharum-dominated grasslands.
TABLE C1. Species characteristics of all naturally-regenerating species recorded: species name, family, total number of individuals recorded during the entire regeneration experiment not including root sprouts (NR), total number of individuals recorded during the entire experiment including root sprouts (All), growth form of adult (F), shade-tolerance category (L), seed size category (S), and dispersal mechanism or vector (Dispersal).
|
|||||||
Species |
Family |
NR |
All |
F‡ |
L§ |
S|| |
Dispersal¶ |
|
|||||||
Acalypha diversifolia |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Acalypha macrostachya |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Adelia triloba |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Alibertula edulis |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Alseis blackiana |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Anacardium excelsum |
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Anacardium occidentale |
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Annona hayessii |
Annonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Annona spraguei |
Annonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Apeiba membranaceae |
Tiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Apeiba tibourbou |
Tiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Ardisia revoluta |
Myrsinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Banara guianensis |
Flacourtiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Brosimum alicastrum |
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Byrsonima crassifolia |
Malpighiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Carica papaya† |
Caricaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cassia moschata |
L: Caesalpinioideae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Casearia arguta |
Flacourtiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Casearia commersoniana |
Flacourtiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Cecropia insignis |
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Cnestidium rufescens † |
Connaraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coccoloba manzanillensis |
Polygonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cochlospermum vitifolium |
Cochlospermaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Colubrina glandulosa |
Rhamnaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Connarus panamensis |
Connaraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cordia alliodora |
Boraginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Cordia bicolor |
Boraginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Cordia porcata |
Boraginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Croton billbergianus |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Didymopanax morototoni |
Araliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Ficus (unknown species) |
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Flemingia strobilfera† |
L: Papilionoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gustavia superba |
Lecythidaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
agouti |
Hamelia patens |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Hampea appendiculata |
Malvaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Heliocarpus americanus |
Tiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Herrania purpurea |
Sterculiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hura crepitans |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Hybanthus prunifolius |
Violaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
ballistic |
Inga sapindoides |
L: Mimosoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Inga vera |
L: Mimosoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Jacaranda copaia |
Bignoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Lonchocarpus latifolius |
L: Papilionoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Luehea seemannii |
Tiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Mangifera indica† |
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Margaritaria nobilis |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Miconia argentea |
Melastomataceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Ochroma pyramidale |
Bombacaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Ocotea (unknown species) |
Lauraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Ouratea lucens |
Ochnaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Piper marginatum |
Piperaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
bats |
Pithocellobium barbourianum |
L: Mimosoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Platymiscium pinnatum |
L: Papilionoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Posoqueria latifolia |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Protium panamense |
Burseraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Pseudobombax septenatum |
Bombacaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Psychotria grandis |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Psychotria luxurians |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quassia amara |
Simaroubaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Randia formosa |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Senna dariensis |
L: Caesalpinioideae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Solanum hayesii |
Solanaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Sorocea affinis |
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spondias mombin |
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Stemmadenia grandiflora |
Apocynaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sterculia apetala |
Sterculiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Swartzia simplex (grandiflora) |
L: Caesalpinioideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animal |
Swartzia simplex (ochnacea) |
L: Caesalpinioideae |
|
|
|
|
|
large animals |
Tabebuia guayacan |
Bignoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Tabebuia rosea |
Bignoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Thevetia ahouai |
Apocynaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Trema micrantha |
Ulmaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Trichilia tuberculata |
Meliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Trichospermum galeotti |
Tiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
wind |
Trophis racemosa |
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Turnera panamensis |
Turneraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Vatairea erythrocarpa |
L: Papilionoideae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vernonia patens |
Compositae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vismia macrophylla |
Clusiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
Xylopia frutescens |
Annonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
small birds |
|
† Introduced species.
‡ T = large tree, M = medium tree, U = treelet, S = shrub (from Condit et al. 1995).
§ Shade tolerance categories: P = pioneer (light index > 3.0), G = gap species (light index 0–3.0), S = shade-tolerant species (light index less than 0). Light indices are from Condit et al. (1996) and Hooper et al. (2002).
|| Seed size classes: 1 1 cm; 2 = 1–2 cm; 3 2 cm (from Croat 1978).
¶ Based on observations at BCI, 4 km from our site (R. Perez and R. Foster, personal communication).
LITERATURE CITED
Condit, R., S. P. Hubbell, and R. B. Foster. 1996. Assessing the response of plant functional types to climatic change in tropical forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:405–416.
Croat, T. B. 1978. The flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, USA.
Hooper, E., R. Condit, and P. Legendre. 2002. Responses of 20 native tree species to reforestation strategies for abandoned farmland in Panama. Ecological Applications 12:1626–1641.