Appendix B (Table B1). A summary of the 48 study species.
Records |
Opportunists |
Month of first introduction |
Specialists |
Records |
111 |
Rumex acetosa |
May |
Ranunculus bulbosus |
115 |
101 |
Plantago lanceolata |
May |
Galium verum |
92 |
99 |
Lolium perenne |
May |
Centaurea scabiosa |
90 |
91 |
Dactylis glomerata |
May |
Agrostis capillaris |
87 |
87 |
Festuca rubra |
May |
Festuca ovina |
82 |
84 |
Elymus repens |
May |
Filipendula vulgaris |
80 |
55 |
Veronica arvensis‡ |
May |
Campanula rotundifolia |
74 |
32 |
Bromus hordeaceus‡ |
May |
Hieracium pilosella |
73 |
15 |
Epilobium angustifolium |
May |
Sedum acre |
70 |
12 |
Urtica dioica |
May |
Silene Nutans |
59 |
0 |
Arabidopsis thaliana‡ |
May |
Deschampsia flexuosa |
20 |
0 |
Chenopodium album‡ |
May |
Aira praecox‡ |
0 |
63 |
Anthriscus sylvestris |
September |
Geranium sanguineum |
118 |
58 |
Medicago lupulina |
September |
Bromus erectus |
109 |
41 |
Galium aparine‡ |
September |
Primula veris |
89 |
16 |
Trifolium repens |
September |
Trifolium pratense |
83 |
14 |
Cirsium arvense |
September |
Prunella vulgaris |
76 |
7 |
Tripleurospermum inodorum‡ |
September |
Lotus corniculatus |
65 |
3 |
Cichorium intybus |
September |
Avenula pratense |
38 |
1 |
Artemisia vulgaris |
September |
Pimpinella saxifraga |
19 |
0† |
Arenaria serpyllifolia‡ |
September |
Trifolium striatum‡ |
1 |
0† |
Conyza canadensis‡ |
September |
Erophila verna‡ |
0 † |
0 |
Poa annua‡ |
September |
Taraxacum Sect. Erythrospermum |
0 |
0 |
Stellaria media‡ |
September |
Teesdalia nudicaulis‡ |
0 † |
890 |
Total number of occurrencesNS |
1440 |
||
15–180 (82.3) |
Max height (cm)** |
12–120 (45.7) |
||
0.02–9 (1.6) |
Seed weight (mg)NS |
0.03–8.6 (1.5) |
||
0–6 (1.8) |
Grime’s stress tolerance** |
4–12 (7.7) |
||
0–12 (4.4) |
Grime’s competitive ability** |
0–5 (1.7) |
||
0–12 (5.8) |
Grime’s ruderality*** |
0–6 (2.7) |
||
6 grasses, 16 forbs, 2 legumes |
Life form |
6 grasses, 15 forbs, 3 legumes |
||
10 annuals, 14 perennials |
Life history |
4 annuals, 20 perennials |
Notes: For each species is indicated whether it was sown in spring or autumn in 1998 and how many microcosms it was reported from in July 2000. "†" indicates species that were not observed during the experiment. "‡" indicates annual species. A brief functional summary of the two groups is given below with the range or trait proportions of each attribute. Mean values for Grime’s CSR strategy spectra are calculated using the sum 12 approach (R. Ejrnæs and H. H. Bruun. 2000. Gradient analysis of dry grassland vegetation in Denmark. Journal of Vegetation Science 11:573–584). For the numeric attributes, the mean group value is given in parenthesis and significant between-group differences is indicated after the variable name (NS = nonsignificant, ** = P < 0.01, *** = P < 0.001).