Appendix A. Data used for the determination of acquisition of energy for reproduction in snakes.
Body length (mm)* |
Body mass (kg)a |
Maximum egg mass (g) |
Maximum clutch size |
Clutch calories (kcal)b |
Clutch energy (kilo-joules)c |
Clutch power (Watts)d |
Sources |
|
Ramphotyphlops australis |
500 |
0.047 |
0.3 |
5 |
2.25 |
9.42 |
0.005 |
Australian Museum Online-typhlopidae |
Ramphotyphlops nigrescens |
750 |
0.161 |
1.53 |
20 |
45.9 |
192.21 |
0.095 |
Australian Museum Online-typhlopidae |
Python sebae |
9450 |
338.744 |
160 |
100 |
24000 |
100483 |
49.843 |
Murphy and Henderson (1997); Branch (1998) |
Python reticulatus |
8690 |
262.971 |
300 |
103 |
46350 |
194058 |
96.259 |
Murphy and Henderson (1997);Shine et al. (1999) |
Cemophora coccinea |
830 |
0.219 |
6 |
9 |
81 |
339.13 |
0.168 |
Stebbins (1985); Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Diadophis punctatus |
750 |
0.161 |
1.35 |
10 |
20.25 |
84.78 |
0.042 |
Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Elaphe obsoleta |
2560 |
6.561 |
15 |
44 |
990 |
4144.93 |
2.056 |
Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Heterodon playrhinos |
1160 |
0.601 |
12 |
61 |
1098 |
4597.11 |
2.28 |
Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Heterodon simus |
610 |
0.086 |
2.5 |
10 |
37.5 |
157.01 |
0.078 |
Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Lampropeltis getula |
2080 |
3.504 |
14 |
24 |
504 |
2110.15 |
1.047 |
Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Lampropeltis triangulum |
1725 |
1.991 |
4.5 |
24 |
162 |
678.26 |
0.336 |
Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Pituophis melanoleucus |
2540 |
6.407 |
133 |
14 |
2793 |
11693.7 |
5.8 |
Stebbins (1985); Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
Dendroaspis polylepis |
4300 |
31.415 |
54 |
17 |
1377 |
5765.22 |
2.86 |
Branch (1998) |
Micrurus fulvius |
1295 |
0.838 |
6 |
13 |
117 |
489.86 |
0.243 |
Roze (1996); Ernst and Barbour (1989) |
*Maximum total length estimates from the following: Stebbins 1985; Lee 1996; Murphy and Henderson 1997; Branch 1998; Conant and Collins 1998
aMass values predicted using mass - total length equation from Pough (1980): M = 3.5×10^-4TL^3.02
bClutch calories calculated from maximum clutch mass (maximum egg mass multiplied by maximum clutch size); assume one clutch per year; conversion constant: 1 kg = 1.5 kcal
cClutch energy obtained from clutch calories; conversion constant: 1 kcal = 4186.8 joules
dClutch power calculated from clutch energy (Joules) multiplied by 0.9 and divided by 1814400 seconds (90% of egg mass generated over 21 day period: Saint Girons 1985).
LITERATURE CITED
Australian Museum Online-typhlopidae: http://www.amonline.net.au/herpetology/research/pdf/typhlopidae.pdf
Branch, B. 1998. Field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA.
Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1989. Snakes of eastern North America. George Mason University Press, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
Lee, J. C. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatan Penninsula. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Murphy, J. C., and R. W. Henderson. 1997. Tales of giant snakes:A historical natural history of anacondas and pythons.Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, USA.
Roze, J. A. 1996. Coral snakes of the Americas: Biology, identification, and venoms. Krieger Publishing, Malabar, Florida, USA.
Saint Girons, H. 1985. Comparative data on Lepidosaurian reproduction and some timetables. Pages 35–58 in C. Gans, editor. Biology of the Reptilia. Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
Shine, R., Ambariyanto, P. S. Harlow, and Mumpuni. 1999. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biological Conservation 87:349–357.
Stebbins, R. C. 1985. Western reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.