Appendix C. Larval parasitoids reared from autumnal moths.
TABLE C1. Hymenopteran parasitoids reared from autumnal moth larvae in this study. The table shows parasitoid guild (early larval or late larval parasitoid), species, family, as well as type of the parasitoid [solitary (S), gregarious (G)]. All species are koinobionts, i.e., they allow the host larva to feed and continue its development until it is eventually killed.
Guild and species |
Family |
Type |
Winter motha |
Early larval parasitoids |
|||
Protapanteles anchisiades (Nixon) |
Braconidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
Yes |
Cotesia salebrosa (Marshall) |
Braconidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
Yes |
Phobocampe sp./spp. Försterb |
Ichneumonidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
Yes |
Aleiodes cf. gastritor (Thunberg) agg. |
Braconidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
No |
Late larval parasitoids |
|||
Eulophus larvarum (Linnaeus) |
Eulophidae |
G, Ectoparasitoid |
Yes |
Zele deceptor (Wesmael) |
Braconidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
No |
Campoletis varians (Thomson) |
Ichneumonidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
No |
Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst)c |
Ichneumonidae |
S, Endoparasitoid |
Yesd |
a ‘Yes’: the species is known also for the winter moth in northern Fennoscandia (own observations and communications from Rolf A. Ims and Tino Schott at the University of Tromsø, Norway).
b The most common, perhaps the only, species was probably Phobocampe tempestiva (Holmgren) (communications from Anu Veijalainen and Ilari E. Sääksjärvi at the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, Finland).
c Larval-pupal parasitoid, i.e., females oviposit in host larvae but adults emerge from pupae.
d Agrypon flaveolatum has not parasitized winter moths in our studies, but is known to do so in NW Norway (near Tromsø) and in other areas in Europe and North America.
TABLE C2. Frequency and percentage of larval parasitism by different hymenopteran parasitoids reared from autumnal moth larvae in the Kevo study area during 2002–2009 (see Fig. 1 in the body of the article).
Year |
No. collected larvae |
Parasitoid species/group |
Frequency |
% |
2002 |
9 |
Protapanteles anchisiades |
1 |
11.1 |
Aleiodes gastritor |
1 |
11.1 |
||
2003 |
56 |
Cotesia salebrosa |
1 |
1.8 |
Phobocampe sp./spp. |
1 |
1.8 |
||
Eulophus larvarum |
1 |
1.8 |
||
Zele deceptor |
1 |
1.8 |
||
2004 |
64 |
Phobocampe sp./spp. |
1 |
1.6 |
Eulophus larvarum |
1 |
1.6 |
||
Campoletis varians |
1 |
1.6 |
||
2005 |
112 |
Protapanteles anchisiades |
6 |
5.4 |
Cotesia salebrosa |
4 |
3.6 |
||
Phobocampe sp./spp. |
4 |
3.6 |
||
Eulophus larvarum |
5 |
4.5 |
||
Agrypon flaveolatum |
5 |
4.5 |
||
2006 |
94 |
Protapanteles anchisiades |
20 |
21.3 |
Cotesia salebrosa |
6 |
6.4 |
||
Protapanteles anchisiades or Cotesia salebrosaa |
19 |
20.2 |
||
Phobocampe sp./spp. |
26 |
27.7 |
||
Aleiodes gastritor |
4 |
4.3 |
||
Eulophus larvarum |
6 |
6.4 |
||
|
Phobocampe sp./spp. + Eulophus larvarumb |
1 |
1.1 |
|
Agrypon flaveolatum |
1 |
1.1 |
||
2007 |
88 |
Cotesia salebrosa |
1 |
1.1 |
Aleiodes gastritor |
6 |
6.8 |
||
Eulophus larvarum |
11 |
12.5 |
||
Agrypon flaveolatum |
9 |
10.2 |
||
2008 |
19 |
Eulophus larvarum |
3 |
15.8 |
Agrypon flaveolatum |
6 |
31.6 |
||
2009 |
73 |
Protapanteles anchisiades or Cotesia salebrosaa |
34 |
46.6 |
Phobocampe sp./spp. |
14 |
19.2 |
||
Eulophus larvarum |
1 |
1.4 |
a Adults did not emerge (year 2006), or they will emerge not until summer 2010 (year 2009). Species identification could not be done with certainty when based on cocoon morphology only.
b Multiparasitism