Appendix G. Survey of tropical studies reporting sea urchin associations with CCA (TABLE G1), sea urchin bioerosion rates (TABLE G2), and sea urchin densities (TABLE G3). Asterisk indicates determined by data in paper, not reported by original authors. NR = Not reported.
TABLE G1. Survey of tropical studies reporting sea urchin associations with CCA.
Urchin Species | Locality | Associations with CCA | Bioerosion kg CaCO3 /m2/yr for given density | High Density Unless specified / m2 | Size mm: mode (range) unless specified | Habitat | Reference |
Diadema antillarum | Caribbean | Positive | NR | 5–12 | 55 (0–89) | Shallow forereef | Edmunds and Carpenter 2001 |
Positive | NR | 1.3 | NR | Shallow forereef | Aronson and Precht 2000 | ||
Positive | NR | 8.9 | NR | Shallow reefs | Carpenter and Edmunds 2006 | ||
Caribbean pre-disease | Positive | NR | 2.9 | NR | NR | van Stevenicnck and Bak 1986 | |
Positive | NR | 14 | NR | Fore reef | Liddell and Ohlhorst 1986 | ||
Positive | NR | 1.1–14.4 range | NR | NR | Lessios 1988 | ||
Positive | NR | 15 mean | NR | Fore reef | Morrison 1988 | ||
Negative* | NR | 71 | NR | Shallow lagoon | Sammarco 1982a | ||
Diadema antillarum and Tripneustes ventricosus | Caribbean | Positive* | NR | 1.9 | NR | Shallow forereef | Aronson and Precht 2000 |
Diadema mexicanum | Eastern Pacific | Positive* | 5.84–11.68 | 50–100 | NR | Seaward reef base | Eakin 1996 |
Diadema savignyi | W. Indian Ocean | Negative | NR | 8.1 | biomass 1,125 kg/ha | Back reef | This study |
Echinometra mathaei | Indo-Pacific | Inconclusive | NR | 0.5 | NR | Back reef | Pari et al. 2002 |
Japan | Negative* | NR for high densities | 29 | NR | Back reef | Hibino and van Woesik 2000 | |
W. Indian Ocean | Negative* | 8.64 | 56.35 | 38.5 mean (33–41) | Back reef (fished) | Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001 | |
Negative* | 3.8 | 14.2 | 40.8 | Back reef (fished) | McClanahan and Muthiga 1988 | ||
Negative | NR | 16.1–251.8 | biomass 553.7–1457.5 kg/ha | Back reef (fished) | McClanahan 1997 | ||
Eucidaris thourarsii | Eastern Pacific | Negative | 1.64 – 8.2 | 10–50 range | NR | Intertidal - 20m | Glynn et al. 1979 |
Echinothrix spp. | Hawaii | Positive* | 0.36 | 0.1 mean | NR | Near-shore platform | Harney and Fletcher 2003 |
TABLE G2. Sea urchin bioerosion rates.
Urchin Species | Locality | Bioerosion kg CaCO3 /m2/yr for given density | High Density / m2 Unless specified | Size mm: mode (range) | Habitat | Reference |
Centrostephanus coronatus | Eastern Pacific | 0.19 | 6.86 mean | NR | Reef crest / front | Toro-Farmer et al. 2004 |
Diadema antillarum | Caribbean | 0.0016 | 1 | NR | Fore reef | Mallela and Perry 2007 |
2.9 | 12 | NR | Reef terrace | Bak et al. 1984 | ||
4.6 | 8.8 | NR | Patch reef | Ogden 1977 | ||
Caribbean (pre- disease) | 9.7 | 23 | NR | NR | Hunter 1977 | |
5 .3 | 23 mean | 25 (5–60) | NR | Scoffin et al. 1980 | ||
0.755 kg/ind/yr | NR | NR | NR | Lewis 1964 | ||
Diadema savignyi | Indo-Pacific | 0.009 | 4.8 mean | 60 (10–70) | Back reef | Bak 1990 |
W. Indian Ocean | 0.11 | 0.43 | 59.9 mean (41–80) | Back reef | Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001 | |
Diadema setosum | Red Sea | 0.724 | 6.4 | 30.1 mean | Reef slope | Mokady et al. 1996 |
W. Indian Ocean | 0.072 | 0.11 | 67.1 mean (45–85) | Back reef (fished sites) | Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001 | |
Echinometra spp. | Indo-Pacific | 8.3 | 73.60 | NR | Reef flat | Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000 |
Echinometra aciculatus | Indo-Pacific | 0.073 | 0.50 | 24 mean | Back reef | Russo 1980 |
Echinometra mathaei | Indo-Pacific | 0.0078 | 6.5 | 22 mean | Back reef | Russo 1980 |
Red Sea | 0.46 | 10.5 | 23.1 | Reef flat | Mokady et al. 1996 | |
Indo-Pacific | 0.001 | 7.4 mean | 25 (0–40) | Back reef | Bak 1990 | |
Echinometra lucunter | Caribbean | 3.9 | 100 | NR | Patch reef | Ogden 1977 |
0.024 kg/ind/year | NR | 30 | NR | McLean 1967 | ||
Echinometra viridis | Caribbean | 4.0 | 60 | 20 mean | Patch reef | Griffin et al. 2003 |
0.3 | 40 | 13.3 | Coral ridge | Brown-Saracino et al. 2007 | ||
1.4 | 16.8 | 28.6 | Patch reef | Brown-Saracino et al. 2007 | ||
Echinothrix spp. | Indo-Pacific | 6.4 | 15 | NR | Barrier reef | Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000 |
Echinothrix diadema | W. Indian Ocean | 0.13 | 0.065 | 96.2 mean (78–120) | Back reef (fished) | Careiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001 |
Indo-Pacific | 0.002 | 0.65 mean | 65–70 (55–90) | Back reef | Bak 1990 | |
Eucidaris thourarsii | Eastern Pacific | 3.5 | 32 mean | NR | NR | Reaka-Kudla et al. 1996 |
TABLE G3. Sea urchin densities.
Urchin Species | Locality | High Density / m2 Unless specified | Size mm: mode (range) | Habitat | Reference |
Diadema antillarum | Caribbean | ~0 | NR | Reef crest (lee) | Macintyre et al. 2007 |
< 0.01/m2 mean | NR | NR | Williams and Polunin 2001 | ||
0.1 mean | NR | Shallow forereef | Woodley et al. 1999 | ||
1.8 | NR | Shallow fore reef | Woodley et al. 1999 | ||
2.9 | (55.9–78.6) | Shallow fore reef | Haley and Solandt 2001 | ||
11.7 | NR | Patch reef and fore reef | Hughes et al. 1985 | ||
Caribbean (pre- disease) | 0.002 | NR | Back reef | Lewis 1986 | |
72.8 | NR | Lagoon patch reef | Sammarco 1982b | ||
Diadema savignyi | Indo-Pacific | 6.2 | NR | Reef flat | Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000 |
W. Indian Ocean | 9.8 | biomass 1145.8 kg/ha | Back reef (fished) | McClanahan 1997 | |
Diadema setosum | Indo-Pacific | 17.5 | NR | Reef flat (barrier reef) | Done et al. 1991 |
W. Indian Ocean | 2.2 | biomass 331.1 kg/ha | Back reef (fished) | McClanahan 1997 | |
Echinometra mathaei | GBR | 0.3 | NR | Reef flat (outer) | Done et al. 1991 |
Indo-Pacific | 6.7 | NR | Fringing reef | Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000 | |
Echinometra mathaei and E. oblonga | Hawaii | 12.7–97.5 | (1.85–4.85) | Inner and outer fringing algal reef | Russo 1977 |
Echinometra viridus | Caribbean | 25.5 | NR | Lagoon patch reef | Sammarco 1982b |
0.91 | NR | Fore reef | Haley and Solandt 2001 |
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