Ecological Archives E000–000-A7

Jennifer K. O'Leary and Timothy R. McClanahan. 2010. Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects. Ecology 91:3584–3597.

Appendix G. Survey of tropical studies reporting sea urchin associations with CCA (TABLE G1), sea urchin bioerosion rates (TABLE G2), and sea urchin densities (TABLE G3). Asterisk indicates determined by data in paper, not reported by original authors. NR = Not reported.

TABLE G1. Survey of tropical studies reporting sea urchin associations with CCA.

Urchin Species Locality Associations with CCA Bioerosion kg CaCO3 /m2/yr for given density High Density Unless specified / m2 Size mm: mode (range) unless specified Habitat Reference
Diadema antillarum   Caribbean   Positive NR 5–12   55 (0–89) Shallow forereef Edmunds and Carpenter 2001
Positive NR 1.3   NR Shallow forereef Aronson and Precht 2000
Positive NR 8.9 NR Shallow reefs Carpenter and Edmunds 2006
Caribbean pre-disease   Positive NR 2.9 NR NR van Stevenicnck and Bak 1986
Positive NR 14 NR Fore reef Liddell and Ohlhorst 1986
Positive NR 1.1–14.4 range NR NR Lessios 1988
Positive NR 15 mean NR Fore reef Morrison 1988
Negative* NR 71 NR Shallow lagoon Sammarco 1982a
Diadema antillarum and Tripneustes ventricosus Caribbean Positive* NR 1.9 NR Shallow forereef Aronson and Precht 2000
Diadema mexicanum Eastern Pacific Positive* 5.84–11.68 50–100 NR Seaward reef base Eakin 1996
Diadema savignyi W. Indian Ocean Negative NR 8.1 biomass 1,125 kg/ha Back reef This study
Echinometra mathaei Indo-Pacific Inconclusive NR 0.5 NR Back reef Pari et al. 2002
Japan Negative* NR for high densities 29 NR Back reef Hibino and van Woesik 2000
W. Indian Ocean   Negative* 8.64 56.35 38.5 mean (33–41) Back reef (fished) Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001
Negative* 3.8 14.2 40.8 Back reef (fished) McClanahan and Muthiga 1988
Negative NR 16.1–251.8 biomass 553.7–1457.5 kg/ha Back reef (fished) McClanahan 1997
Eucidaris thourarsii Eastern Pacific Negative 1.64 – 8.2 10–50 range NR Intertidal - 20m Glynn et al. 1979
Echinothrix spp. Hawaii Positive* 0.36 0.1 mean NR Near-shore platform Harney and Fletcher 2003

 

TABLE G2. Sea urchin bioerosion rates.

Urchin Species Locality Bioerosion kg CaCO3 /m2/yr for given density High Density / m2 Unless specified Size mm: mode (range) Habitat Reference
Centrostephanus coronatus Eastern Pacific 0.19   6.86 mean NR Reef crest / front Toro-Farmer et al. 2004
Diadema antillarum   Caribbean   0.0016 1 NR Fore reef Mallela and Perry 2007
2.9 12 NR Reef terrace Bak et al. 1984
4.6 8.8 NR Patch reef Ogden 1977
Caribbean (pre- disease)   9.7 23 NR NR Hunter 1977
5 .3 23 mean 25 (5–60) NR Scoffin et al. 1980
0.755 kg/ind/yr NR NR NR Lewis 1964
Diadema savignyi Indo-Pacific 0.009 4.8 mean 60 (10–70) Back reef Bak 1990
W. Indian Ocean 0.11 0.43 59.9 mean (41–80) Back reef Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001
Diadema setosum Red Sea 0.724 6.4   30.1 mean Reef slope Mokady et al. 1996
W. Indian Ocean 0.072   0.11   67.1 mean (45–85) Back reef (fished sites) Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001  
Echinometra spp. Indo-Pacific 8.3 73.60 NR Reef flat Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000
Echinometra aciculatus Indo-Pacific 0.073 0.50 24 mean Back reef Russo 1980
Echinometra mathaei Indo-Pacific 0.0078 6.5 22 mean Back reef Russo 1980
Red Sea 0.46 10.5 23.1 Reef flat Mokady et al. 1996
Indo-Pacific 0.001 7.4 mean 25 (0–40) Back reef Bak 1990
Echinometra lucunter Caribbean   3.9 100 NR Patch reef Ogden 1977
0.024 kg/ind/year NR 30 NR McLean 1967  
Echinometra viridis Caribbean   4.0 60 20 mean Patch reef Griffin et al. 2003
0.3 40 13.3 Coral ridge Brown-Saracino et al. 2007
1.4 16.8 28.6 Patch reef Brown-Saracino et al. 2007
Echinothrix spp. Indo-Pacific 6.4 15 NR Barrier reef Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000
Echinothrix diadema W. Indian Ocean 0.13   0.065 96.2 mean (78–120) Back reef (fished) Careiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001
Indo-Pacific 0.002 0.65 mean 65–70 (55–90) Back reef Bak 1990  
Eucidaris thourarsii Eastern Pacific 3.5 32 mean NR NR Reaka-Kudla et al. 1996

 

TABLE G3. Sea urchin densities.

Urchin Species Locality High Density / m2 Unless specified Size mm: mode (range) Habitat Reference
Diadema antillarum Caribbean   ~0 NR Reef crest (lee) Macintyre et al. 2007
< 0.01/m2 mean NR NR Williams and Polunin 2001
0.1 mean NR Shallow forereef Woodley et al. 1999
1.8 NR Shallow fore reef Woodley et al. 1999
2.9 (55.9–78.6) Shallow fore reef Haley and Solandt 2001
11.7 NR Patch reef and fore reef Hughes et al. 1985
Caribbean (pre- disease)   0.002 NR Back reef Lewis 1986
72.8 NR Lagoon patch reef Sammarco 1982b
Diadema savignyi Indo-Pacific 6.2 NR Reef flat Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000
W. Indian Ocean 9.8 biomass 1145.8 kg/ha Back reef (fished) McClanahan 1997
Diadema setosum Indo-Pacific 17.5   NR Reef flat (barrier reef) Done et al. 1991
W. Indian Ocean 2.2 biomass 331.1 kg/ha Back reef (fished) McClanahan 1997
Echinometra mathaei GBR 0.3 NR Reef flat (outer) Done et al. 1991
Indo-Pacific 6.7 NR Fringing reef Peyrot-Clausade et al. 2000
Echinometra mathaei and E. oblonga Hawaii 12.7–97.5 (1.85–4.85) Inner and outer fringing algal reef Russo 1977
Echinometra viridus Caribbean   25.5 NR Lagoon patch reef Sammarco 1982b
0.91 NR Fore reef Haley and Solandt 2001

 

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