Ecological Archives E094-198-A5
Laurel Pfeifer-Meister, Scott D. Bridgham, Chelsea J. Little, Lorien L. Reynolds, Maya E. Goklany, Bart R. Johnson. 2013. Pushing the limit: experimental evidence of climate effects on plant range distributions. Ecology 94:2131–2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0284.1
Appendix E. Table of ANOVA results.
Table E1. Degrees of freedom (df), F values, and p values from 4-way ANOVA with range group, site, heating, and precipitation as fixed main effects, 3-way ANOVAs (to break down significant range group by site and/or treatment interactions), and 2-way ANOVAs within each range group and site (to break down cases of significant site by treatment interactions), n = 20. Arrows indicate direction of main effects for heating and precipitation in 2- and 3-way ANOVAs, and Tukey’s pairwise comparisons are reported for site differences (S = Southern, C = Central, N = Northern) in the 3-way ANOVAs. All response variables (defined in methods) were first z-score standardized within a species for equal weighting, and further transformed as necessary.
|
|
Recruitment |
Germination |
Survivorship |
Plant Size |
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|
df |
F |
p |
F |
p |
F |
p |
F |
p |
4-way ANOVA (Total df = 720) |
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Range Group |
2 |
0 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
1.07 |
ns |
Site |
2 |
37.4 |
< 0.001 |
44.7 |
< 0.001 |
12.7 |
< 0.001 |
58.8 |
< 0.001 |
Heat |
1 |
65.2 |
< 0.001 |
32.7 |
< 0.001 |
71.0 |
< 0.001 |
8.6 |
0.003 |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
5.3 |
0.022 |
9.3 |
0.002 |
1.2 |
ns |
5.3 |
0.022 |
Range Group × Site |
4 |
32.4 |
< 0.001 |
32.2 |
< 0.001 |
23.7 |
< 0.001 |
0.5 |
ns |
Range Group × Heat |
2 |
1.8 |
ns |
7.1 |
< 0.001 |
1.8 |
ns |
1.1 |
ns |
Range Group × Ppt. |
2 |
0.1 |
ns |
1.6 |
ns |
0.8 |
ns |
0.6 |
ns |
Site × Heat |
2 |
12.6 |
< 0.001 |
20.9 |
< 0.001 |
2.5 |
0.086 |
0.8 |
ns |
Site × Ppt. |
2 |
3.5 |
0.031 |
2.6 |
0.074 |
1.0 |
ns |
1.0 |
ns |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.4 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
0.4 |
ns |
1.6 |
ns |
Range Group × Site × Heat |
4 |
3.9 |
0.004 |
4.5 |
< 0.001 |
0.3 |
ns |
0.5 |
ns |
Range Group × Site × Ppt. |
4 |
0.5 |
ns |
0.6 |
ns |
0.9 |
ns |
0.5 |
ns |
Range Group × Heat × Ppt. |
2 |
0.5 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
4.1 |
0.018 |
1.1 |
ns |
Site × Heat × Ppt. |
2 |
0.3 |
ns |
0.5 |
ns |
1.0 |
ns |
0.7 |
ns |
Range Group × Site × Heat × Ppt. |
4 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.2 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
0.2 |
ns |
3-way ANOVAs within each Range Group (Total df = 240) |
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Lowest Northern Limit (LNL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Site |
2 |
7.4 |
< 0.001 C,S>N |
25.9 |
< 0.001 C>S>N |
0.5 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Heat |
1 |
10.8 |
< 0.001↓ |
1.5 |
ns |
14.0 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
2.3 |
ns |
8.6 |
0.004↓ |
1.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Heat |
2 |
6.3 |
0.002 |
10.5 |
< 0.001 |
0.1 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Ppt. |
2 |
1.7 |
ns |
2.9 |
0.056 |
0.2 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
1.1 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
3.6 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Heat × Ppt. |
2 |
0.2 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Intermediate Northern Limit (INL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Site |
2 |
74.3 |
< 0.001 C>S>N |
35.9 |
< 0.001 C>S>N |
21.2 |
< 0.001 C>S,N |
NA |
NA |
Heat |
1 |
52.6 |
< 0.001↓ |
43.2 |
< 0.001↓ |
16.5 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
2.1 |
ns |
0.3 |
ns |
0.6 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Heat |
2 |
14.0 |
< 0.001 |
13.6 |
< 0.001 |
1.2 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Ppt. |
2 |
3.3 |
0.038 |
0.4 |
ns |
2.2 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.2 |
ns |
2.3 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Heat × Ppt. |
2 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.4 |
ns |
0.4 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Highest Northern Limit (HNL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Site |
2 |
37.8 |
< 0.001 N>C>S |
48.3 |
< 0.001 N,C>S |
48.7 |
< 0.001 N>C>S |
NA |
NA |
Heat |
1 |
16.6 |
< 0.001↓ |
5.3 |
0.022↓ |
52.3 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
1.0 |
ns |
2.9 |
0.092↓ |
0.2 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Heat |
2 |
2.4 |
0.095 |
5.9 |
0.003 |
2.3 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Ppt. |
2 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.3 |
ns |
0.2 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
1.0 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
Site × Heat × Ppt. |
2 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.5 |
ns |
0.8 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
2-way ANOVAs within each Range Group and Site (Total df = 80) |
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Lowest Northern Limit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Site LNL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
29.1 |
< 0.001↓ |
22.1 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0 |
ns |
2.5 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
1.0 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Central Site LNL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
0.4 |
ns |
1.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
3.1 |
0.082↓ |
6.7 |
0.012↓ |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.4 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Northern Site LNL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
0 |
ns |
0.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0.2 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.1 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Intermediate Northern Limit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Site INL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
59.5 |
< 0.001↓ |
58.5 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0 |
ns |
0 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.1 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Central Site INL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
21.5 |
< 0.001↓ |
12.0 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
3.8 |
0.055↓ |
0.6 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.1 |
ns |
0.4 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Northern Site INL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
0 |
ns |
0.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0.8 |
ns |
0.8 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0.3 |
ns |
0.9 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Highest Northern Limit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Site HNL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
25.8 |
< 0.001↓ |
27.1 |
< 0.001↓ |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0.8 |
ns |
0.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
1.4 |
ns |
1.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Central Site HNL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
10.9 |
< 0.001↓ |
6.6 |
0.012↓ |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0.5 |
ns |
1.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0 |
ns |
0.2 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Northern Site HNL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heat |
1 |
0.7 |
ns |
1.5 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Precipitation (ppt.) |
1 |
0.2 |
ns |
0.7 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heat × Ppt. |
1 |
0 |
ns |
0.4 |
ns |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Note: ns = not significant at p < 0.1 and NA (grayed boxes) = not applicable due to nonsignificant interaction.