Ecological Archives E094-198-A5

Laurel Pfeifer-Meister, Scott D. Bridgham, Chelsea J. Little, Lorien L. Reynolds, Maya E. Goklany, Bart R. Johnson. 2013. Pushing the limit: experimental evidence of climate effects on plant range distributions. Ecology 94:2131–2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0284.1

Appendix E. Table of ANOVA results.

Table E1. Degrees of freedom (df), F values, and p values from 4-way ANOVA with range group, site, heating, and precipitation as fixed main effects, 3-way ANOVAs (to break down significant range group by site and/or treatment interactions), and 2-way ANOVAs within each range group and site (to break down cases of significant site by treatment interactions), n = 20. Arrows indicate direction of main effects for heating and precipitation in 2- and 3-way ANOVAs, and Tukey’s pairwise comparisons are reported for site differences (S = Southern, C = Central, N = Northern) in the 3-way ANOVAs. All response variables (defined in methods) were first z-score standardized within a species for equal weighting, and further transformed as necessary.

 

 

Recruitment

Germination

Survivorship

Plant Size

 

df

F

p

F

p

F

p

F

p

4-way ANOVA (Total df = 720)

  Range Group

2

0

ns

0

ns

0

ns

1.07

ns

  Site

2

37.4

< 0.001

44.7

< 0.001

12.7

< 0.001

58.8

< 0.001

  Heat

1

65.2

< 0.001

32.7

< 0.001

71.0

< 0.001

8.6

0.003

  Precipitation (ppt.)

1

5.3

0.022

9.3

0.002

1.2

ns

5.3

0.022

  Range Group × Site

4

32.4

< 0.001

32.2

< 0.001

23.7

< 0.001

0.5

ns

  Range Group × Heat

2

1.8

ns

7.1

< 0.001

1.8

ns

1.1

ns

  Range Group × Ppt.

2

0.1

ns

1.6

ns

0.8

ns

0.6

ns

  Site × Heat

2

12.6

< 0.001

20.9

< 0.001

2.5

0.086

0.8

ns

  Site × Ppt.

2

3.5

0.031

2.6

0.074

1.0

ns

1.0

ns

  Heat × Ppt.

1

0.4

ns

0.1

ns

0.4

ns

1.6

ns

  Range Group × Site × Heat

4

3.9

0.004

4.5

< 0.001

0.3

ns

0.5

ns

  Range Group × Site × Ppt.

4

0.5

ns

0.6

ns

0.9

ns

0.5

ns

  Range Group × Heat × Ppt.

2

0.5

ns

0.1

ns

4.1

0.018

1.1

ns

  Site × Heat × Ppt.

2

0.3

ns

0.5

ns

1.0

ns

0.7

ns

  Range Group × Site × Heat × Ppt.

4

0.1

ns

0.2

ns

0.1

ns

0.2

ns

3-way ANOVAs within each Range Group (Total df = 240)

Lowest Northern Limit (LNL)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Site

2

7.4

< 0.001 C,S>N

25.9

< 0.001 C>S>N

0.5

ns

NA

NA

  Heat

1

10.8

< 0.001↓

1.5

ns

14.0

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

  Precipitation (ppt.)

1

2.3

ns

8.6

0.004↓

1.7

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Heat

2

6.3

0.002

10.5

< 0.001

0.1

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Ppt.

2

1.7

ns

2.9

0.056

0.2

ns

NA

NA

  Heat × Ppt.

1

1.1

ns

0

ns

3.6

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Heat × Ppt.

2

0.2

ns

0

ns

0.1

ns

NA

NA

Intermediate Northern Limit (INL)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Site

2

74.3

< 0.001 C>S>N

35.9

< 0.001 C>S>N

21.2

< 0.001 C>S,N

NA

NA

  Heat

1

52.6

< 0.001↓

43.2

< 0.001↓

16.5

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

  Precipitation (ppt.)

1

2.1

ns

0.3

ns

0.6

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Heat

2

14.0

< 0.001

13.6

< 0.001

1.2

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Ppt.

2

3.3

0.038

0.4

ns

2.2

ns

NA

NA

  Heat × Ppt.

1

0.1

ns

0.2

ns

2.3

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Heat × Ppt.

2

0.1

ns

0.4

ns

0.4

ns

NA

NA

Highest Northern Limit (HNL)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Site

2

37.8

< 0.001 N>C>S

48.3

< 0.001 N,C>S

48.7

< 0.001 N>C>S

NA

NA

  Heat

1

16.6

< 0.001↓

5.3

0.022↓

52.3

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

  Precipitation (ppt.)

1

1.0

ns

2.9

0.092↓

0.2

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Heat

2

2.4

0.095

5.9

0.003

2.3

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Ppt.

2

0.1

ns

0.3

ns

0.2

ns

NA

NA

  Heat × Ppt.

1

0

ns

0.1

ns

1.0

ns

NA

NA

  Site × Heat × Ppt.

2

0.1

ns

0.5

ns

0.8

ns

NA

NA

2-way ANOVAs within each Range Group and Site (Total df = 80)

Lowest Northern Limit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Southern Site LNL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

29.1

< 0.001↓

22.1

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0

ns

2.5

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

1.0

ns

0.1

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Central Site LNL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

0.4

ns

1.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

3.1

0.082↓

6.7

0.012↓

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0.4

ns

0

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Northern Site LNL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

0

ns

0.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0.2

ns

0.1

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0.1

ns

0

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

Intermediate Northern Limit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Southern Site INL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

59.5

< 0.001↓

58.5

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0

ns

0

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0.1

ns

0.1

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Central Site INL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

21.5

< 0.001↓

12.0

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

3.8

0.055↓

0.6

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0.1

ns

0.4

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Northern Site INL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

0

ns

0.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0.8

ns

0.8

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0.3

ns

0.9

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

Highest Northern Limit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Southern Site HNL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

25.8

< 0.001↓

27.1

< 0.001↓

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0.8

ns

0.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

1.4

ns

1.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Central Site HNL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

10.9

< 0.001↓

6.6

0.012↓

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0.5

ns

1.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0

ns

0.2

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Northern Site HNL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Heat

1

0.7

ns

1.5

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Precipitation (ppt.)

1

0.2

ns

0.7

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

     Heat × Ppt.

1

0

ns

0.4

ns

NA

NA

NA

NA

Note: ns = not significant at p < 0.1 and NA (grayed boxes) = not applicable due to nonsignificant interaction.


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