Appendix A (TABLE A1). Annual carbon fluxes for forests at different latitudes. Lat (N) and long (E) indicate the north latitude and east longitude in decimal degrees, respectively. Carbon fluxes (GEE, Re, and NEE) are expressed in Mg C·ha-1·yr-1
Site |
Lat (N) |
Long (E) |
Dominant Vegetation |
Year |
Annual precip (mm) |
Annual Temp (°C) |
Age | GEE | Re | NEE | Reference |
Sinop Mato Grosso-Brasil |
-11.41 | -55.33 |
Mature tropical forest |
99-01 | 1928 | 24 | 20.62 | 20.57 | 0.05 | Vourlitis et al. 2004 | |
Tapajos Forest-Brasil |
-2.85 | -54.97 |
Old growth tropical forest |
2002 | 2112 | 25.84 |
Old growth |
30.55 | 33.22 | -2.67 | Hutyra et al. 2007 |
2003 | 1740 | 25.87 | 31.71 | 32.62 | -0.91 | ||||||
2004 | 2311 | 26.06 | 31.95 | 31.73 | 0.22 | ||||||
2005 | 2201 | 27.75 | 32.06 | 32.45 | -0.39 | ||||||
Cuieiras | -2.58 | -60.10 | Ever green | 1999 | 2200 | 27.8 | 30.4 | 24.5 | 5.9 | Malhi et al. 1999 | |
Palangkaraya | 2.34 | 114.04 |
Tropical forest drained peat |
2002 | 1852 | 26.7 | 32.46 | 38.48 | -6.02 | Hirano et al. 2007 | |
2003 | 2292 | 26.4 | 34.61 | 38.44 | -3.82 | ||||||
2004 | 2560 | 25.9 | 35.94 | 39.07 | -3.13 | ||||||
Pasoh Forest | 2.97 | 102.30 |
Evergreen Forest |
2003 | 1895 | 25.9 |
Old growth |
32.55 | 31.76 | 0.79 | Kosugi et al. 2008 |
2004 | 1655 | 26.6 | 32.77 | 31.3 | 1.47 | ||||||
2005 | 1649 | 26.5 | 31.98 | 30.52 | 1.46 | ||||||
La Selva | 10.42 | -84.02 |
Tropical rain forest |
1998 | 3495 | 24.23 | 28.41 | 28.46 | -0.05 | Loescher et al. 2003 | |
1999 | 3475 | 23.4 | 30.6 | 29.07 | 1.53 | ||||||
2000 | 4127 | 23.66 | 33.9 | 27.93 | 5.97 | ||||||
Menglun | 21.93 | 101.27 |
Tropical rain forest |
2003 | 1247 | 20.1 |
Old growth |
27.48 | 26.20 | 1.28 | Tan et al. 2010 |
2004 | 1428 | 20.1 | 26.11 | 24.88 | 1.23 | ||||||
2005 | 1284 | 20.1 | 23.98 | 23.31 | 0.67 | ||||||
2006 | 1328 | 20.1 | 26.14 | 24.59 | 1.55 | ||||||
DHS | 23.17 | 112.57 |
Subtropical evergreen |
2003 | 1289 | 21 | 100 | 15.3 | 10.94 | 4.36 |
Yu et al. 2008; Wen et al. 2006 |
2004 | 1297 | 21 | 15.12 | 10.12 | 4.99 | ||||||
2005 | 1423 | 21 | 13.98 | 10.30 | 3.68 | ||||||
Qianyanzhu, China |
26.74 | 115.06 |
Slash pine Plantation |
2003 | 855 | 18.9 | 18 | 17.02 | 12.86 | 4.16 | Wen et al. 2010 |
2004 | 1325 | 18.6 | 19 | 18.58 | 14.47 | 4.10 | |||||
2005 | 1330 | 18 | 20 | 16.29 | 13.23 | 3.06 | |||||
2006 | 1310 | 17.9 | 21 | 18.52 | 14.40 | 4.12 | |||||
2007 | 1107 | 17.9 | 22 | 18.57 | 14.27 | 4.30 | |||||
Pine flatwoods |
Scrubby flatwoods |
2002 | 1177 | 23.15 | 19.37 | 15.60 | 3.77 |
Hinkle, R., Personal communication |
|||
2004 | 1395 | 22.03 | 19.97 | 14.94 | 5.02 | ||||||
2005 | 1345 | 21.68 | 21.28 | 15.40 | 5.88 | ||||||
Scrub oak (Florida, USA) |
28.6 | -80.70 | Scrub oak | 2000 | 993 | 22.61 | 19.06 | 18.00 | 1.07 | Powell et al. 2006 | |
2001 | 828 | 22.44 | 20.84 | 18.39 | 2.46 | ||||||
2002 | 1177 | 23.15 | 21.57 | 18.38 | 3.21 | ||||||
2003 | 1130 | 22.03 | 21.46 | 17.29 | 4.19 | ||||||
2004 | 1395 | 21.68 | 18.86 | 15.37 | 3.52 | ||||||
2005 | 1345 | 21.55 | 20.79 | 16.15 | 4.67 | ||||||
2006 | 968 | 21.51 | 15.03 | 11.96 | 3.09 | ||||||
ACMF (Florida, USA) |
29.74 | -82.22 |
Natural regenerating pine |
2000 | 956 | 18.35 | 17.94 | 16.02 | 1.92 |
Powell et al. 2005; Powell et al. 2008 |
|
2001 | 812 | 19.6 | 80 | 18.71 | 17.15 | 1.59 | |||||
2004 | 1373 | 20.34 | 15.68 | 13.83 | 1.85 | ||||||
2005 | 1185 | 20.12 | 17.85 | 16.31 | 1.54 | ||||||
Mize tract (Florida, USA) |
29.76 | -82.24 |
Slash pine plantation |
2003 | 1299 | 19.34 | 5 | 29.67 | 25.1 | 4.58 | This work |
2004 | 1480 | 19.65 | 6 | 29.36 | 24.09 | 5.27 | |||||
2005 | 1270 | 19.65 | 7 | 29.27 | 22.22 | 7.05 | |||||
2006 | 943 | 19.6 | 8 | 29.31 | 25.31 | 4.00 | |||||
2007 | 1120 | 20.24 | 9 | 24.65 | 20.8 | 3.84 | |||||
Donaldson tract |
29.76 | -82.16 |
Slash pine plantation |
1999 | 959 | 19.65 | 10 | 26.67 | 19.67 | 7 | This work |
2000 | 872 | 18.35 | 11 | 25.59 | 18.96 | 6.63 | |||||
2001 | 1070 | 19.6 | 12 | 27.03 | 20.63 | 6.4 | |||||
2002 | 1319 | 20.34 | 13 | 24.49 | 18.8 | 5.69 | |||||
2003 | 1299 | 20.12 | 14 | 25.12 | 16.94 | 8.18 | |||||
2004 | 1480 | 20.25 | 15 | 24.36 | 16.61 | 7.75 | |||||
2005 | 1270 | 19.98 | 16 | 23.2 | 15.85 | 7.35 | |||||
2006 | 943 | 20.78 | 17 | 22.65 | 17.64 | 4.91 | |||||
2007 | 1120 | 20.77 | 18 | ||||||||
2008 | 1163 | 20.25 | 19 | 24.99 | 18.86 | 6.13 | |||||
Akou, Japan |
34.73 | 134.37 |
Mixed temperate forest |
2001 | 1078 | 19.98 | 14 | 19.32 | 11.02 | 8.3 | Kosugi et al. 2005 |
2002 | 578 | 15.5 | 15 | 15.11 | 10.35 | 4.76 | |||||
2003 | 1230 | 15.5 | 16 | 18.34 | 12.95 | 5.39 | |||||
Flagstaff | 35.09 | -111.76 | Ponderosa | 2006 | 695 | 8.80 | 87 | 8.58 | 7.10 | 1.64 | Dore et al. 2008 |
North Carolina, USA |
35.8 | -76.67 |
Loblolly pine plantation |
2005 | 1470 | 15.76 | 24.82 | 21.21 | 3.61 | Noormets et al. 2010 | |
2006 | 1272 | 15.87 | 29.11 | 20.74 | 8.35 | ||||||
2007 | 834 | 27.64 | 20.51 | 7.24 | |||||||
Kiryu Experimental Station |
34.97 | 136 |
Japanese cypress plantation |
2001 | 1438 | 13.7 | 42 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 4.9 |
Takanashi et al. 2005; Ohkubo et al. 2007; Hirata et al. 2008 |
2002 | 1179 | 14.4 | 43 | 20.1 | 15.8 | 4.4 | |||||
2003 | 1971 | 12.9 | 44 | 20.7 | 16.4 | 4.3 | |||||
2004 | 1797 | 13.4 | 45 | 22.3 | 16.8 | 5.5 | |||||
Duke Forest Pine plantation |
35.98 | -79.09 |
Loblolly pine plantation |
2001 | 947 | 14.5 | 18 | 19.5 | 13.4 | 6.1 | Stoy et al. 2006 |
2002 | 1072 | 15.1 | 19 | 18.8 | 16.1 | 2.7 | |||||
2003 | 1346 | 14.23 | 20 | 19.5 | 17.3 | 2.3 | |||||
2004 | 983 | 14.73 | 21 | 21.8 | 17.6 | 4.2 | |||||
2005 | 935 | 14.71 | 22 | 25.8 | 18.4 | 7.4 | |||||
Duke Forest Hardwood |
35.98 | -79.09 |
Hardwood forest |
2001 | 947 | 14.5 | 80–100 | 17.1 | 12 | 5.1 | Stoy et al. 2006 |
2002 | 1072 | 15.1 | 90 | 17.1 | 13.2 | 3.9 | |||||
2003 | 1346 | 14.23 | 90 | 16.5 | 12.5 | 4 | |||||
2004 | 982 | 14.73 | 90 | 17.5 | 13.1 | 4.3 | |||||
2005 | 935 | 14.71 | 90 | 17.2 | 12.3 | 4.9 | |||||
Takayama Forest RS |
36.13 | 137.42 |
Deciduous broad-leaved |
1998 | 11.48 | 8.19 | 3.29 | Ohtsuka et al. 2005 | |||
1999 | 50 | 9.44 | 7.46 | 1.98 | |||||||
2000 | 1912 | 6.4 | 51 | 10.65 | 7.56 | 3.09 | |||||
2001 | 1655 | 6.3 | 52 | 10.4 | 7.5 | 2.9 | |||||
2002 | 1912 | 6.5 | 53 | 10.92 | 7.46 | 3.46 | |||||
2003 | 2294 | 6.3 | 54 | 9.52 | 7.18 | 2.34 | |||||
2004 | 2392 | 7.3 | 55 | 9.47 | 8 | 1.47 | |||||
2005 | 10.04 | 7.44 | 2.6 | ||||||||
2006 | 10.42 | 7.55 | 2.87 | ||||||||
Harvard Forest |
42.54 | -72.17 |
Temperate forest |
1992 | 1102 | 7.82 | 75–100 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 1.6 | Urbanski et al. 2007 |
1993 | 1226 | 7.48 | 13.6 | 11.8 | 1.8 | ||||||
1994 | 1326 | 7.24 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 1.7 | ||||||
1995 | 1077 | 7.91 | 12.5 | 9.7 | 2.8 | ||||||
1996 | 1470 | 6.89 | 13.2 | 11.3 | 1.9 | ||||||
1997 | 933 | 7.26 | 14 | 12.4 | 1.6 | ||||||
1998 | 955 | 8.7 | 12.1 | 10.6 | 1.6 | ||||||
1999 | 1027 | 8.57 | 14 | 11.9 | 2.1 | ||||||
2000 | 1083 | 7.27 | 14.5 | 11.9 | 2.6 | ||||||
2001 | 797 | 7.54 | 16.4 | 12.1 | 4.3 | ||||||
2002 | 1000 | 8.61 | 15.1 | 12.4 | 2.7 | ||||||
2003 | 1313 | 7.15 | 15.4 | 13.2 | 2.1 | ||||||
2004 | 1175 | 7.58 | 17.1 | 12.5 | 4.6 | ||||||
CBS | 42.40 | 128.08 |
Temperate mixed forest |
2003 | 774 | 200 | 15.28 | 12.86 | 2.42 | Yu et al. 2008 | |
2004 | 707 | 15.05 | 12.48 | 2.57 | |||||||
2005 | 690 | 13.27 | 10.48 | 2.79 | |||||||
Tomakomai forest |
44.73 | 141.52 |
Larch plantation |
2001 | 1132 | 5.8 | 45 | 16.42 | 14.78 | 1.64 | Hirata et al. 2007 |
2002 | 967 | 6.6 | 16.36 | 14.13 | 2.23 | ||||||
2003 | 1021 | 6.3 | 17.42 | 14.93 | 2.49 | ||||||
Puéchabon State Forest |
43.74 | 3.59 |
Evergreen Mediterranean |
2001 | 13.86 | 10.94 | 2.91 | Allard et al. 2008 | |||
2002 | 1172 | 13.8 | 14.24 | 10.71 | 3.52 | ||||||
2003 | 1310 | 14 | 13.02 | 10.28 | 2.74 | ||||||
2004 | 14.74 | 10.23 | 4.51 | ||||||||
2005 | 10.53 | 9.03 | 1.5 | ||||||||
2006 | 12.64 | 9.86 | 1.49 | ||||||||
Metolius young pine |
44.44 | -121.57 |
Ponderosa pine |
1999 | 411 | 8.3 | 22 | 5.73 | 5.9 | -0.17 | Schwarz et al. 2004 |
2000 | 381 | 7.23 | 6.43 | 5.45 | 0.98 | ||||||
2001 | 471 | 7.86 | 6.74 | 6.26 | 0.48 | ||||||
2002 | 355 | 7.83 | 8.28 | 6.36 | 1.92 | ||||||
Metolius mid age pine |
44.45 | -121.56 |
Ponderosa pine |
2001 | 529 | 10.26 | 9.25 | 1.01 |
Schwarz et al. 2004; Thomas et al. 2009 |
||
2002 | 371 | 7.2 | 90 | 15.76 | 11.9 | 3.86 | |||||
2003 | 455 | 12.53 | 10.03 | 2.5 | |||||||
2004 | 465 | 7.9 | 17.85 | 12.47 | 5.38 | ||||||
2005 | 584 | 7.26 | 15.78 | 11.06 | 4.72 | ||||||
2006 | 729 | 7.48 | 15.03 | 10.26 | 4.77 | ||||||
2007 | 539 | 7.42 | 16.81 | 11.1 | 5.72 | ||||||
2008 | 436 | 17.41 | 11.38 | 6.03 | |||||||
Metolius old age pine |
44.50 | -121.63 |
Ponderosa pine |
1999 | 497 | 8.06 | 156 | 11.26 | 6.9 | 4.36 | Schwarz et al. 2004 |
2000 | 379 | 11.01 | 7.81 | 3.2 | |||||||
2001 | 439 | 10.49 | 6.88 | 3.61 | |||||||
2002 | 302 | 11.17 | 7.18 | 3.99 | |||||||
Zerbolo | 45.20 | -9.06 |
Poplar plantation |
2002 | 1020 | 12.5 | 12 | 15.91 | 8.38 | 7.53 | Migliavaca et al. 2009 |
2003 | 545 | 12.5 | 13.81 | 7.54 | 6.27 | ||||||
2004 | 742 | 12.5 | 15.98 | 8.95 | 7.02 | ||||||
Wind River | 45.82 | -121.95 | Douglas-fir | 1999 | 2858 | 8.85 | 500 | 13.38 | 11.16 | 2.17 | Falk et al. 2008 |
2000 | 2345 | 8.3 | 0.42 | ||||||||
2001 | 1247 | 8.72 | 0.3 | ||||||||
2002 | 2446 | 8.68 | 0.98 | ||||||||
2003 | 2130 | 9.74 | 16.56 | 17.65 | -1 | ||||||
2004 | 1857 | 9.55 | 0.09 | ||||||||
Hesse Forest | 48.01 | 7.07 | Beech | 1996 | 820 | 9.8 | 30 | 11.24 | 9.3 | 1.94 | Granier et al. 2008 |
1997 | 871 | 9.7 | 31 | 12.89 | 9.63 | 3.26 | |||||
1998 | 974 | 9.7 | 32 | 13.54 | 12.78 | 0.76 | |||||
1999 | 1073 | 10.1 | 33 | 14.79 | 11.58 | 3.21 | |||||
2000 | 1013 | 9.8 | 34 | 15.7 | 10.37 | 5.33 | |||||
2001 | 1157 | 10 | 35 | 15.96 | 10.14 | 5.82 | |||||
2002 | 1158 | 10.5 | 36 | 16.34 | 10.58 | 5.76 | |||||
2003 | 660 | 10.7 | 37 | 13.61 | 8.84 | 4.76 | |||||
2004 | 9.8 | 38 | 14.85 | 10.02 | 4.83 | ||||||
2005 | 9.8 | 39 | 10.77 | 7.86 | 2.91 | ||||||
Northeastern Mongolia |
48.35 | 108.65 | Larch | 2003 | 296 | -2.7 | 70–150 | 5.25 | 4.4 | 0.85 | Li et al. 2005 |
DF49 Site | 49.87 | -125.34 | Douglas-fir | 1998 | 1432 | 9.07 | 48 | 21.31 | 17.52 | 3.79 | Chen et al. 2009 |
1999 | 1777 | 7.62 | 49 | 20.24 | 16.42 | 3.82 | |||||
2000 | 1145 | 8.2 | 50 | 20.91 | 16.93 | 4 | |||||
2001 | 935 | 8.06 | 51 | 20.77 | 16.67 | 4.1 | |||||
2002 | 1249 | 8.45 | 52 | 19.52 | 16.76 | 2.77 | |||||
2003 | 1277 | 8.44 | 53 | 20.78 | 17.25 | 3.53 | |||||
2004 | 1349 | 8.75 | 54 | 23.38 | 20.71 | 2.67 | |||||
2005 | 1352 | 8.28 | 55 | 23.1 | 19.55 | 3.55 | |||||
2006 | 1699 | 8.36 | 56 | 21.12 | 17.27 | 3.86 | |||||
Anchor Station Tharandt |
50.96 | 13.56 | Spruce | 1996 | 771 | 6.1 | 15.9 | 11.42 | 4.48 |
Grünwald and Bernhoefer 2007 |
|
1997 | 714 | 8.3 | 18.6 | 12.96 | 5.64 | ||||||
1998 | 909 | 8.5 | 17.95 | 12.21 | 5.73 | ||||||
1999 | 826 | 9 | 108 | 20.95 | 13.97 | 6.98 | |||||
2000 | 803 | 9.6 | 20.34 | 13.84 | 6.5 | ||||||
2001 | 938 | 8.3 | 16.94 | 11.35 | 5.59 | ||||||
2002 | 1098 | 9 | 18.74 | 13.29 | 5.44 | ||||||
2003 | 501 | 9 | 16.71 | 12.76 | 3.95 | ||||||
2004 | 874 | 8.3 | 18.68 | 13.95 | 4.73 | ||||||
2005 | 898 | 8.4 | 19.7 | 13.73 | 5.97 | ||||||
SOA site | 53.7 | -106.2 |
Boreal aspen forest |
1994 | 466 | 1.2 | 79 | 13.23 | 11.17 | 2.06 |
Barr et al. 2004; Barr et al. 2007 |
1996 | 494 | -0.1 | 12.16 | 11.62 | 0.55 | ||||||
1997 | 413 | 2.6 | 13.3 | 11.98 | 1.31 | ||||||
1998 | 547 | 3.3 | 13.98 | 11.37 | 2.61 | ||||||
1999 | 479 | 3 | 12.69 | 11.5 | 1.19 | ||||||
2000 | 484 | 1.4 | 12.57 | 10.99 | 1.58 | ||||||
2001 | 235 | 3.1 | 14.13 | 10.46 | 3.67 | ||||||
2002 | 285 | 0.9 | 10.32 | 8.88 | 1.44 | ||||||
2003 | 261 | 2 | 10.57 | 9.53 | 1.04 | ||||||
SOBS | 54 | -105.1 | Black spruce | 1999 | 408 | 2.4 | 120 | Krishnan et al. 2008 | |||
2000 | 484 | 1.5 | 8.97 | 8.4 | 0.57 | ||||||
2001 | 408 | 3.8 | 8.95 | 8.17 | 0.78 | ||||||
2002 | 434 | 1.2 | 7.83 | 7.56 | 0.27 | ||||||
2003 | 289 | 2.3 | 8.42 | 7.62 | 0.8 | ||||||
2004 | 637 | 1.3 | 7.65 | 7.31 | 0.34 | ||||||
2005 | 517 | 2.8 | 9.01 | 8.56 | 0.45 | ||||||
2006 | 592 | 2.4 | 8.98 | 8.24 | 0.74 | ||||||
NOBS | 55.88 | -98.48 | Black spruce | 1995 | 160 | 7.82 | 8.26 | -0.41 |
Dunn et al. 2007; Grant et al. 2009 |
||
1996 | 7.06 | 7.95 | -0.84 | ||||||||
1997 | 6.98 | 7.43 | -0.39 | ||||||||
1998 | 389 | -0.5 | 7.73 | 7.68 | 0.07 | ||||||
1999 | 308 | -0.16 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 0.07 | ||||||
2000 | 390 | -1.75 | 6.93 | 7.05 | 0.03 | ||||||
2001 | 373 | -0.18 | 7.28 | 7.07 | 0.23 | ||||||
2002 | 534 | -2.09 | 6.1 | 5.86 | 0.27 | ||||||
2003 | 355 | -0.54 | 6.98 | 6.4 | 0.58 | ||||||
2004 | 463 | -2.34 | 6.22 | 6.11 | 0.21 | ||||||
2005 | 773 | 0.32 | 6.97 | 6.92 | 0.05 | ||||||
2006 | 415 | 1.81 | 7.83 | 7.1 | 0.73 | ||||||
Sorøe | 55.49 | 11.65 | Beech | 2000 | 5.9 | 15.4 | 13.79 | 1.61 | Largegren et al. 2008 | ||
2001 | 524 | 3.84 | 15.89 | 13.93 | 1.96 | ||||||
2002 | 309 | 4.3 | 83 | 14.56 | 12.23 | 2.33 | |||||
2003 | 452 | 4.1 | 15.49 | 12.6 | 2.89 | ||||||
2004 | 17.85 | 16.28 | 1.57 | ||||||||
2005 | 17.5 | 16.09 | 1.41 | ||||||||
Norunda | 60.09 | 17.50 |
Scots pine, Norway spruce |
1995 | 5.5 | 10.89 | 11.94 | -1.05 | Largegren et al. 2008 | ||
1996 | 4.7 | 11.42 | 11.41 | 0.01 | |||||||
1997 | 6.4 | 10.56 | 11.33 | -0.77 | |||||||
1998 | 5.5 | 11.29 | 11.96 | -0.67 | |||||||
1999 | 6.3 | 10.48 | 10.48 | 0 | |||||||
2000 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 11.25 | -1.05 | |||||||
2001 | 5.5 | 10.11 | 10.91 | -0.8 | |||||||
2002 | 5.5 | 11.02 | 11.17 | -0.15 | |||||||
Hyytiälä | 61.85 | 24.30 | Scots pine | 2000 | 595 | 5.9 | 38 | 10.94 | 9.05 | 1.89 | Largegren et al. 2008 |
2001 | 530 | 3.8 | 9.91 | 8.12 | 1.79 | ||||||
2002 | 309 | 4.2 | 10.84 | 8.52 | 2.32 | ||||||
2003 | 452 | 4.1 | 9.74 | 8.38 | 1.36 | ||||||
2004 | 499 | 4.1 | 10.68 | 8.42 | 2.26 | ||||||
2005 | 491 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 8.4 | 2.3 | ||||||
Huhus | 62.87 | 30.82 | Scots Pine | 1999 | 747 | 2.4 | 7.68 | 6.15 | 1.52 | Zha et al. 2004 | |
2000 | 780 | 3.6 | 6.92 | 5.91 | 1.01 | ||||||
2001 | 813 | 2 | 9.24 | 7.52 | 1.72 | ||||||
2002 | 832 | 2.1 | 10.84 | 8.79 | 2.05 | ||||||
Tura | 64.27 | 100.2 | Mature larch | 2004 | 360 | -8.9 | 95 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 0.77 | Nakai et al. 2008 |
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